Malaria Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

MalariaThere are a great number of sicknesss that are indigenous in many of the poorer, developing nations due to the lack of sanitation and illness prevention programs in these areas. The steady increase of malaria epidemics in many of the African countries is a point of great concern, because this continent is home to 90% of the realisms total cases of this particular disease. Malaria gets its name from mal aria, meaning bad air, because patients utilize to blame the sudden illness on the poor air fiber of the nearby swamps. Scientists now know that malaria is a parasitic infection caused by a single-celled protozoan, Plasmodium. Of the four types of this parasite, Plasmodium falciparum is recognized as the virtually dangerous and lethal string that infects human beings. The female Anopheles mosquito transmits the disease through its saliva, and the protozoan enters the bloodstream and is carried to the liver. The indications of the illness can appear inward ly a week of the exposure or it can take up to a year for the effects to become noticeable. Malaria has many flu-like symptoms, such as headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, sweating, tiredness, and general muscle pain. These characteristics are attributed to many forms of illness, which can prove backbreaking in the diagnosis of this serious disease early enough for sound treatment. The treatment of malaria is commonly administered in the form of a DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) antibiotic. This medicine works to eliminate the parasite from the patients blood stream and, therefore, limit the feel of communicating the disease and infecting other people. The drug also significantly reduces the oftenness of severity of the patients symptoms... ...d Pestilence From Ancient Times to the Present, Rev. Ed. new-made York Facts on File, Inc., 2001. This article was an updated history of African malaria outbreaks and the specific causes of and reactions to these e pidemics.Malaria. CDC Division of epenthetic Diseases Information. 3 Mar. 2002. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 Oct. 2002 <http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/ parasites/malaria/default.htm . This site gave main(prenominal) information about precautions that travelers should take before going to high-risk areas of the world.Malaria Facts. NIAID Quickfacts Page. 17 Sept. 2002. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH. 6 Oct. 2002 <http//www.niaid.nih.gov/ publications/malaria/contents.htm. This NIH site provides an in-depth get word at the infection/spread of malaria with multiple links for additional information.

The Evolution of Engineering

Its no secret that applied science has non save changed life as we k this instant it, but has in addition changed the face of well-nigh every c beer palm do itn to man. Nowhere is this evolution to a greater extent evident than in the field of applied science. In order to better check the impact that promotional materials in technology have had on the field of design, geographic expedition of past versus present comparison is necessary. Upon re bring ining the variations between engineering science of the past and engineering science of present, the dramatic involvement of technology in the field becomes inherently evident.Over the data track of the last two decades, the field of engineering has come into its own. One major component of the unsanded and improved field of engineering is the utilization of upstart technology. In fact, engineering itself is considered a frontier of development in advanced(a) technology itself. Scientific discovery and proficiency affect our lives in two different ship canalthrough new policies and regulations that provide broad interior(a) direction and through new products and processes that enhance our lives and communities. technical schoolnology and engineering supply scientific knowledge into action. (USDA 2007)Engineering, in the 1980s, was a field wherein the predominant question and development process surrounded countless instances of trial and error. Due in part to the fact that all experimentation and designed was based solely on human ability and human ideas, engineering was primarily considered a thinking mans c argoner choice. For example, in the early 1980s, when mechanically skillful engineers designed motor vehicles, often snips of their design was dependant on unmistakable models and hand drawn blueprints. Today, on the other hand, computer technology suspends for the drop of computerized 3D models and AutoCAD architecture. This same fact holds true for non only the vehicle industr y, but the building industry, property development, and much than to a greater extent.Upon close examination of the implications of technology on engineering, it is revealed that this phenomenon began far earlier than many believe. In fact, students at Virginia Tech have been required to own a personal computer since the twelvemonth 1984. However, improvements in computer technology have dramatically improved engineering accuracy and performance, have increased efficiency, and have made it possible for a wider variant of individuals to enter the engineering field. In footing of the difficulty level of problems, the computer has helped tremendously. In the pre-computer era, wed spend a couple of weeks on a serious problem. Now it can be done overnight. In terms of the actual mode of teaching, we present less hand-calculation procedures than in previous times. Its right not needed. (EE/CPE VanLandingham 97)A variety of modern technologies have added to the dynamics of the enginee ring field. However, it is arguable that computer advancements have affected the field more than any other. Because much of engineering is design, the use of computers as a design to a faultl is prevalent. convey to the precision and facilitate offered by the use of certain computer programs during the engineering design process, problems that once seemed impossible argon now considered trivial. Students can do design and some calculations that were real tough to do before. We use computers a lot in the lab to take data and analyze data off the equipment. Most research projects take data using computers, and our folks have to know how to write programs and microprocessor code. (EE/CPE Claus 97)Experts also agree that the consolidation of computers into the field of engineering have made the job more fun. electronic computers allow engineers to heighten levels of creativity in their shit while allowing for less filter in problem solving. In short, engineers can now focus mor e heartily on the creative aspects of their project because they spend less time in problem solving.Interestingly though, the speculation surrounding technological and computer advancements in the field of engineering is not all positive. There argon many people who believe that the overt use of computers in the field of engineering provides engineers with a crutch that allows for less thorough problem examination. It is also argued that engineers become sluttish in analysis because they trust computers to be accurate. The problem with this fact is that computers are not infallible. If one data set is entered incorrectly, the entire analysis leave behind be incorrect. Basically, computers should moreover be used to verify analysis as opposed to actually perform the analysis itself.Many engineering professors and argue that the overuse of computers will promote carelessness in the field. I see students relying too much on computers, computation programs and symbolic manipulators w hich is leading them away from self- bailiwick. They are using tools and have no way to check them. They come up with an answer on the computer and dont know enough to challenge their answer. They are using tools and have no way to check them. They come up with an answer on the computer and dont know enough to challenge their answer. They ascertain if the computer came up with the answer, its got to be right. (EE/CPE Brown 97)There is also evidence the integrating of computer technology in engineering will kill scheduling in the field. Because of the incredible technology and dynamic computer programs available to engineers as a whole, there is a decreased need for new programming. certain(prenominal) computer programs offer engineers ready to use packages for problem solving, which eliminates the need for indite code in problem solving. The question as to whether or not this is a good thing is mayhap most prominent in engineering education. Technology as the magic bullet for ed ucation is existence vastly oversold, cautioned Professor Jim Armstrong. We can use the computers for computation and communication, but we essential maintain the interpersonal aspect of teaching, (EE/CPE 97)The integration of modern technology and the integration of computers in particular, into the field of engineering has changed the face of all engineering disciplines as we know it. It is largely agreed that these advancements have improved the field of engineering in ways never before thought possible. However, it is pertinent to denounce that not every implementation or change is considered beneficial. While, for the most part, computers and technology have only improved engineer problem solving and efficiency, it is also argued that these integrations have given birth to the lazy engineer. In fact, there are those who believe that todays engineer is already considered lax because they now have the computer to do the work for them. Engineers are lazy. Engineers dont like to work hard and like to come up with ways to make their lives easier (iPaw 2009) This view creates a paradox for many, because the very definition of innovation is the search for ways to make life more simple.In summation, modern technology and computer advancement has made the field of engineering more exciting for those engaged. It has also allowed for more a more variant professional base within the field. However, perhaps the most notable change in the field that comes as a direct reflection of computer advancement is the increase in the speed and efficiency with which engineers solve an assortment of problems. This increased efficiency allows for a more rapid development of a product or and outcome and also allows for a heightened opportunity to concentrate on creativity and design. Basically, computers and modern technology make the field of engineering more fun.While it must be adjudge that not all views surrounding computer advancement and engineering are possible, it is wid ely accepted that computers have drastically improved every discipline of engineering while also acting as a particle accelerator behind creative engineering and innovation.From a personal perspective, we have entered the fathom of a new engineering age. The field of engineering is rapidly befitting as much an art as it is an analytical career field. This advancement and innovation is solely credited to the integration of modern technology into the engineering disciplines. In the last five years, computer technology has taken not only engineering, but every career to new and exciting levels. From the husbandman to the fighter pilot, computer technology has changed the dynamic of work as we know it, and nowhere is this truth more evident than in the field of engineering.Works CitedCatspaws pop off to the Inevitably Insane. Catspaws Guide to the Inevitably Insane. 29 Apr. 2009 <http//www.insanecats.com/cgi-bin/single.py?month=feb09&monosodium glutamate=18>.Computers and En gineering Instructional Boon or Crutch?. Virginia Tech galvanizing and Computer Engineering. 29 Apr. 2009 <http//www.ece.vt.edu/ecenews/ar97/boon.html>.Govil, Rekha. Recent Advancements in Computer Science and Technology. new york Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1999.Technology & Engineering. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension answer (CSREES). 29 Apr. 2009 <http//www.csrees.usda.gov/nea/technology/technology.cfm>.Fundamental Concepts in Computer Science (Advances in Computer Science and Engineering Texts). London Imperial College Press, 2009.

Proofs for God’s Existence Essay

graven images costence erect be proven in a multitude of ways. However, several antecedent caveats are in order. First, by God, we mean the traditional Christian archetype of an tot every(prenominal)y-powerful and wise creator. Second, the project of proving anything is logic or experience is nearly impossible. Even the best laid logical plans and the most iron clothe arguments drive out be torn to pieces by a skilled logician. much(prenominal)(prenominal) a state does non invalidate the confirmations in question, just simply that the language of the discipline is such that any logical design can be manipulated and refuted by 1 who ardently desires it be refuted.What is being dealt with here(predicate) is that faith in the God of the Christians is non an irrational, blind faith, exactly single that is eminently agreementable and defensible on metaphysical, logical and scientific grounds. 1. The proof of Aristotle, used by Thomas Aquinas later, is the hylomorphic proof and is very of import to medieval thoughts about God and the nature of his universe of discoursely concern. The theory centers around the musical note between first, dust and outcome which, second, corresponds to action and passion, or act and potency.The bring of an object is it in act, or developing towards its natural telos, or end. The matter is passive, that which has non being, that which still carrys to be developed. save the nature of accreditedity is such that as ace rises in knowledge, the human body dominates over the matter. Mathematics, for example, is almost sheerly fake, with lone(prenominal) a minuscule amount of stuff stuff. But what is the stem of such things? Only the institution of pure form, and hence, pure act, that is, God.God is pure act, pure perfection with no more need for development. It is the form of Forms that renders still knowledge possible. The matter within its formal shell is not nly passive, but accidental, in that it is save the generator of sensations, colors, etcetera But such things cannot live on without a substratum (thither is no red, without it being a red something), and hence, form is the object of knowledge, not the matter, or the accident of the object. But knowledge only sees form, never matter.Matter might present form in the guise of a sensate object, but logical and mathematics does not grow this way, these are separated from matter. Hence, the more universal the knowledge, the less matter. Hence, the ultimately form of knowledge is Pure form, hence God (Owens, 1980 20-25). 2. Similarly, the proof of St. Augustine from the point of cipher of unchanging truth. Any such unchanging truth mustinessiness earn a effort. The truths of mathematics or logic never change unheeding of time or place, and hence, there must be an entity in existence who could accept brought such a introduction into being.Such an entity must never change or alter its being in any way, and hence, must be perfect (the only need for change is to improve, if no need for change, then(prenominal) there is no need for improvement). Therefore, God exists (Augustine, 1996 19). 3. In toll of scientific proof, there is the entire question of natural law. The world is held in concert by a series of laws that never seem to change. They are well- request and can be seen throughout nature, from its macro to its micro level.The sensate helping of nature, logic altogethery, is anterior to the laws that allow it to exist. Hence, the laws of nature had to restrain come first, and are the form within which the sensate billet of nature functions. Hence, an entity must exist that is unfastened of creating natural laws within which all created being can function in a regular and logical manner. Only God can be the cause of such things (Copleston, . 2006, 518). 4. The Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyev uses the critique of nominalism to prove the existence of God in his Lectures on Godmanhood .First, the idea of empiricism is faulty since no real individuals exist (only God has this quality, but this is putting the cart before the horse). The objects seen in daily experience are themselves not particulars, but universals, ultimately reducible to pulses of energy. Force is the ultimate reality of being in terms of metaphysics. Hence, the falsifiable approach to the world is arbitrary, since the particulars we take for granted are in event huge and complex collections of force and energy that appear to the senses as colors, sounds, textures, etc.Hence, energy is the source of being, and hence, retain the ontological status as universals. But this can not be sufficient, since the universal nature of forces must be accounted for. And this accounting can only be an entity powerful enough to view as first created these forces that ultimately would register in human senses as objects, plainly solid and singular, but in truth, complex and made up of universals (and in fact, representing universals in themselves).But this ultimately spiritual reality must have an equally spiritual cause, that is God. In other words, as the empirical qualities of objects exist only in the mind, the ultimate reality of the world is to be ready in universals, and hence, the world of spirit. But all spiritual objects must have a cause that is equally creative and powerful (Solovyev, 1948 60-63). 5. de de de Spinozas concept of God is slightly different from the Christian view, but not entirely dissimilar.Spinoza argues for a single entity, meat, that is the ultimate basis for all sensate objects. Substance is God, the ultimate basis (avoiding the word cause here) for all change and movement. Logically, there is only one ultimate Substance since there is no real reason for positing and more than one entity that, itself, can carry through all change, but is not available to the senses. Spinozas Substance is not something that can be apprehended by senses, but only by the m ind, and hence, is a spiritual being.While many writers have humiliated their backs trying to hold that nature is God for Spinoza, there is no reason to hold this God is what is behind nature and is the ultimate basis for all being. Spinoza is not a pantheist, as nearly all commentators hold. Spinoza held that all change needs a basis, something that does not change. That which we see as changing is the modes of existence, the sensate objects in space and time (or mind and body). totally of these sensate things can be reduced to that which is extended and that which is mental, ultimately one thing seen from two different points of view.But these two are alone two available modes for human comprehension of an infinite object that never changes, but is at the root of change, its basis, and that is Substance, or God, an infinite being who lies at the root of all change and the laws that govern change. It itself, does not change, but contains infinite attributes that only appear inc ompletely to human beings under two attributes only. Spinoza does not hold that there needs to be a cause of all things, but he does hold that there needs to be a basis of all things, that this is God (Della Rocca, 2008, 42-48)6. The last proof or vision of God is to be found in Apostolos Makrakis, the little know 19th century Greek metaphysician. He was a Christian rationalist who held that Descartes butchered his own method. Makrakis holds that one can begin with Descartes ontological doubt. But the shoemakers last to this doubt, cogito ergo sum, is an arbitrary end point. When I engage in methodological doubt, I come up with several conclusions first, the sceptic exists, second, that the doubter is not the cause of his own existence, and third, that God exists unavoidably.All of this derives from the single act of experience it is the true unpacking of the cogito. Since if the cogito is true, than the other propositions are equally true at the alike(p) time, known intuitive ly. Since the cogito is not self-created, then the outside world and God must exist necessarily in the homogeneous act of cognition as the original cogito. If one must strip away the outside world in order to reach the cogito, than the outside world is real, since in removing it, one reaches the truth of existence. The outside world cannot be a phantom then, if the doubter is not self-created.Something needed to have created and sustained the doubter, and this is as certain as the cogito itself. But since that outside world itself is not self-created (in other words, that the outside world does not know itself through itself, but through another), than God necessarily exists, and again, as true as the cogito itself. Hence, the cogito really says I exist, the outside world exists, God exists, all at the same time all in the same act of cognition since the cogito itself implies it (Makrakis, 1956, 42-43).Again, none of these proofs are final, but the same can be said for all logic an d science. But these do who that reason assents to the existence of God as infinite and all powerful. Spinozas approach is the most interesting, since it is compatible with mechanistic science, but holds that such science necessarily needs a basis for action, and this is Substance. The argument 3 above is also very difficult to refute, since one cannot hold to an ordered universe without holding to natural law, and if that, than the cause of natural law itself.If that is denied, then one is in the unenviable position of trying to argue that the material objects of nature can and did exist without a law to govern their actions. Hence, growing is impossible. Natural laws (and a lawgiver) had to be before the actual sensate part of creation. But this, in an odd way, is very similar to the argument of Spinoza. It seems that science itself cannot function without recognizing natural law and its a priori existence with reward to the objects of science themselves.BibliographyOwens, Josep h (1980) Thomas Aquinas on the Existence of God. SUNY Press Augustine (1996) On The Free Choice of the Will Readings in Medieval philosophy. Ed. Andrew Schoedinger. Oxford. 3-24 Copleston, Frederick (2006) History of Philosophy Medieval Philosophy. Continuum International. Solovyev, Vladimir (1948) Lectures on Godmanhood. Lindisfarne Press (this is sometimes called Lectures on Divine Humanity) Della Rocca, Michael (2008) Spinoza. Taylor and Francis Makrakis, Apostolos (1956) The point of Life. in Foundations of Philosophy. Chicago, OCES. 1-104

General course on philosophy Essay

The world is comprised of sundry(a) types of personalities and my personal experience muckle attest to that. My class is composed of preteen male and female adults of varying shapes, sizes, heights and colors. During class, I could also forecast that our teacher would perceive us as a sea of hues, on the whole blending together within the space of the schoolroom. If our instructor did not cerebrate of each wholeness of our faces, it would be impossible for him to differentiate each integrity of us beca commit we get along well enough to proceed and free each classroom meeting.Despite the nature of viscosity of our identities, there atomic number 18 also times when trustworthy(prenominal) members of our class would go to opposite directions, peculiarly when philosophical opinions are be discussed. When our instructor would present a controversial report such(prenominal) as mercy killing, there would be at to the lowest degree three distinct responses from our class . In frequent, there would be the group that would enjoy of the concept and the different group would extend an outright disapproval of the bailiwick.The trine up to now silent group would be that of the neutral ones, who are perpetually cho utilizen to be nonreactive amidst all the outbursts around them. One should understand that the variations in the responses of the members of our class are not simply comprised of three general reactions. Our instructor is aware that each broad group potbelly be further differentiated according to the principles and beliefs of each individual. For ex amperele, if euthanasia were approved in the inbuilt country, the members of the group that is against euthanasia would aggressively react to this.The implementation of euthanasia could be equivalent to the crumbling of their world, as they would envision deaths that are at the mercy of doctors and new(prenominal) healthcare personnel. Looking closer into the reasons behind the disappr oval of these individuals to euthanasia whitethorn be different for each individual. It is possible that one student disapproves of euthanasia because he is a ironlike believer of the Catholic religion, which raises the bar in terms of the value of life. An motive(a) student whitethorn not be in support of the concept of euthanasia because he has lost a loved one through such medical-ethical approach.It is also possible that other student disapproves the topic of euthanasia because his estranged father is a physician who actively participates in such technique, and olibanum his disagreement is not actually about the topic but against his former role model. In enunciate to shed more detail into the finer variations behind the reactions, the instructor should thereof know each one of the members of the class. The class is big, as it is generally a general course on philosophy and thus there are around 200 students in the room.When the instructor walks over to the podium and s tarts his flog for the day, our eyes whitethorn seem to be tiny lights that would flicker at the very point when he utters a serious topic that necessitate to be discussed for an hour. He may or may not dis empower some get-up-and-gos in some of us, issuinging in our reactions of support and condemnation. As for the other explosive topics, it may not be a simple button pushing for a number of students, but more of shoving a concept to our faces and asking us to express of thoughts and ideas.The course may be considered as general subject for undergraduate students, yet little do we know that we are unconsciously learning skills on how to analyze concepts. More primary(prenominal)ly, these classroom discussions could pave the way to a clear journey for all of us, as we start our movement through an endless tunnel. It may be duskiness inside this tunnel of the unknown, yet after this long walk, there would be light at the end of the tunnel, leading us to a place that would cush ion our identities and provide us slumber.PART II A illustration after part affect a persons emotions because it allows the source to be his ideas using things, as well as adjectives, in order that the ref may have a better feel of the chronicle. A metaphor therefore facilitates in the cognition of an idea, thing or event that the generator wants to describe. This form of lyric poem can increase the impact of a narration because it can fully describe thoughts, as well as actions, by the use of transference (Hovecses, 2010).This approach allows the writer to define a certain topic through the use of comparison of two concepts that are for the most part considered as fully dissimilar yet may be the identical in some aspect, viewpoint or perception. A metaphor can affect a persons emotions because it assists in describing a topic through the use of descriptors of some other matter (Wormeli, 2009). It should be understood that the other matter could be something else that is totally different from the topic in mind, yet the application of the descriptors of this matter can increase the weight and impact of the topic in focus.It is probably human nature to operate certain descriptors of one thing in order to provide information on another topic. The use of metaphor allows the narrator to transfer certain features that are singular to one point in time onto the topic of interest, resulting in a better rationality of the idea that needs to be conveyed. A simple example of a metaphor that could stimulate the emotions of a reader is to use items that are important to the reader, such as the words life, love and world.When a small item means so much to a certain person, the writer could allude this importance by claiming that this small item is equivalent to the life of that person. formerly the reader sees this description, he will then feel that the item being presented is indeed so important, thus influencing his emotions to go with the narration. Language can empower or limit the expression of our thoughts because it allows the writer to use likeness in describing a certain topic (Kennedy & Gioia, 2009). The writer is therefore presumption the freedom to choose which words to employ for his narration.If the writer chooses to use strong words, his ideas are then delivered with great impact, influencing the reader to perceive the same emotions that the writer feels about the topic. On the other hand, a writer may employ subtle words when he feels that there is no need to measuredly impart strong emotions regarding a specific matter. Language is therefore a strong tool because it could sway the reader into any direction that the writer wants provide. Every writer has a large reservoir of words that he could employ when describing or explaining a particular topic.In narration, language can be forceful if there is a need to emphasize a certain emotion. Language is empowered through the use of metaphors and other forms of a ddress because it allows the writer to represent certain topics by analogy (Applebee et al. , 2005). It focuses on describing a certain topic by tapping on the perceptions of the reader through the use of symbolism and analogy. The choice of words that generate a sentence may impact a reader because the writer has the capacity of employ analogy in presenting his ideas.He is capable of identifying one topic by describing features of a separate item, using the latters features to emphasize certain points of the former topic. Language is thus a powerful tool that could affect the perceptions and emotions of readers and this is mainly based on the writers capacity to apply certain form of speech such as metaphors and similes. Language can plow the reader to a place where the writer has been, without physically going to that place.This winning and complete narration of a certain place mainly depends on the capacity of the writer to select words that would fully convey how he feels and sees in the place of interest. It is possible to perceive all the information that we pretend if we use the correct words that would impart the same effect on the reader. If we would like an audience to feel what we are actually feeling, we can use two general approaches. One approach would be to describe that suss out in a straightforward manner, expressing the actual emotion.Another approach would be to employ metaphors, which assist in describing certain topics through the use of analogy. We can therefore present features that are inherent in other matters yet when applied as a descriptor for our topic, it purposefully imparts a hero in the reader. Metaphors employed as form of speech are thus very helpful in describing and imparting certain emotions that the reader may be directly feel, yet when presented through the use of transference and analogy, could be equivalent to what the writer actually feels.In order to deliver a complete description of a certain topic, we should i nitially describe the general environment of the topic. For example, if we are describing a person, then the general physical features from a farther point of view should first be presented. These features may include the adjectives such as tall or short in height, topple or heavy in body size and so on. erst this has been provided, finer details of the individual can then be presented, such as wide eyes, or puckered lips or unkempt hair.The organization of the launching of details of a certain topic is essential in imparting a message to the reader or the audience. This organization of information could significantly influence the readers understanding and perception of the topic being presented. If the writer or narrator does not employ this approach, the reader may not fully comprehend the scenario or the topic that is being presented. A disorganized delivery of information to the audience may therefore result in a different understand, emotion and perception of the topic a nd it may be totally different from what the writer intended to convey.REFERENCES Applebee, A. N. , Bermudez, A. B. & Blau, S. (2005). The language of literature. San Francisco Holt MacDougal, 1548 pages. Hovecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor A practical introduction, 2nd ed. London Oxford University Press, 400 pages. Kennedy, X. J. & Gioia, D. (2009). Literature An introduction to fiction, poetry, drama and writing. Los Angeles Longman Publishers, 2256 pages. Wormeli, R. (2009). Metaphors and analogies Power tools for teaching any subject. novel York Stenhouse Publishers, 264 pages.

Trade Unions in Australia

Tcap equal of contents Executive Summary.. Page 3 entrePage 4 Benefits of joining a join. Page 6 social rank declines and impact of legislationPage 7 Effect of homophile Resources on Employees and Union membershipsPage 9 ConclusionPage 10 ReferencesPage 11 Executive Summary Since the 1980s backing conjunction membership numbers convey declined rapidly ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 130).Once upon a cadence it was quiet all important(p) for employees to be sort of a Federal as it entitled them to welcome a embodied voice, and power to build a pleasurable giveplace. T present generate been umteen factors that have contri besidesed to this decline in centre memberships such(prenominal) as transports in body of work building as well as increase in employee numbers (Patmore, 1992, pg 227 ). Changes in legislation by the Howard organisation with the implementation of the 1996 piece of work Relations sour and ulterior the getchoices travel restricted switch over sum to tals in a gravid guidance and so contributing to the decline in members.The increasing use of benevolent Resources within businesses is too impacting as employees ar choosing to directly consult guidance over issues rather and whence involving a third troupe. With the Labour disclosey regaining power in 2007 the legislations have flat been adjusted in favour of trade unions. However they atomic number 18 firing to have to bide to work hard so employees choose to join unions and begin to go against this declining tr cease of union memberships (Cooper, 2004, pg 207). IntroductionA trade union is an cheek of employees whose focus is the protection and negotiation of pay rates and conditions of employment ( Balnave et al, pg 536, 2007). By people joining together as a collective non an individual, produces a greater amount of power when dealing with issues such as engage and working conditions (Balnave et al, 2007, pg125). It is this power that crooks changes to occu r in employment traffic and as a result employees establish satisfied with their workplace. dispense unions for numerous years now have played a key fictional character in Australias structure of employee dealings ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 124 ). It kitty be renowned that trade unions in Australia date back to as early as the rebellions do my convicts in regards to their living conditions and have moved forward to the period issues of employees such as work conditions, pay rates and various sassy(prenominal) factors (ACTU website). From the years 1850-1990, trade unions were officially established in Australia (ACTU website) and various unions were organise such as the she arrs union, seaman union and miners union (ACTU website).In 1901 the NSW industrial arbitrement Act was passed. This act was bought about in the hope of creating profitable workplaces by improving the standards of workplaces ( ACTU website). Also this act issued compulsory arbitration so that if a dis pute did arise within the workplace, it must be bought to the industrial Relations Committee (ACTU website). Since the 1980s trade unions in Australia have declined importantly (Patmore, 1992, pg 225). at a rate of 1% per year consequently change magnitude to 2% per year in the 1990s. ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 137).thither be several reasons as to why this has occurred such as the structure of the workplace, for example the increase in causal labour (Patmore, 1992, pg 227), changes in sparing markets, increase in flexibility given to employers over employees, increase in managerial rights and the behaviour of unions extra meter (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 138) . The biggest change of all for trade unions in Australia came about in 1996, with the reintroduction of the bountiful party low the power of John Howard. It was here that the development of the work Relations Act occurred.This act saw the introduction of Australian survey Agreements (AWAs). These harmonys allowed for employers to work closely with their employees to set their own working conditions that would be suitable to their work practices. The years following saw the Australian Council of mass Unions on with the Labour political relation campaigning against Howards idea of industrial relations ( Cooper, 2008, pg 285). In late 2007, the labour disposal regained power of the federal parliament. From here the rudd government moved to create the Forward with Fairness indemnity that still stands to date ( Cooper, 2008, pg 286).This was more beneficial for the unions. The unions however will persist tarnished from Howards workchoices for quiet virtuallytime and must focus on recruiting forward-looking members (Brigden, 2008, pg 365) if unions are going to remain within Australia. gentle Resources practices have also force on unions as managers within a workplace are encouraged to now work directly with their employees, rather thus including a third party such as a trade union ( Balnav e et al, 2007, pg 169). Because of this, trade union members will continue to declineBenefits of joining a union Joining a union can be passing beneficial for its members. A union offers its members the chance to join a collective support rather then fight individually. It increases economic benefits, increases productiveness and workplace protection ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 131). The culture of the workplace whitethorn also influence stars decision to join a union. When faced with a problem it is a lot easier to proceed to fight this problem if you are part of a collective rather then approach the problem as an individual.In the case of trade unions, the advantage of being part of a collective nitty-gritty that the union can approach precaution so that matters mingled with management and employees are discussed on a more even ticket ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 133). Also being part of a collective group means that members are represented in front of a tribunal, and therefore have equal chance of success ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 135). This is something that a member would expect of their membership. employment unions also prove effective when they act as lobby groups as a means of getting both parliament and the publics attention something that would be difficult to do as an individual ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 135). Trade unions are verbalize to increase economic benefits as the presence and influences of a union may create changes in wages and working conditions (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 134). If an employee is satisfied with their wage and conditions then it is most possible that they will be more productive and therefore a greater asset for the company.Being part of a union enables protection for an employee in many areas including training, recruitment, wages and conditions of the workplace (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 132). This protection is important for an employee if their employer is expecting them to be efficient within the workplace. Lastly if the culture of the workplace is actually union orientated, an employee is not going to tang comfortable if they too are not a member and vice versa. Therefore culture has an influence. There is also the argument that unions do not offer as many benefits as promised and members do not achieve any benefits.In toll of economic benefit, yes a union may influence an increase in wages, however in return management may increase work pressure on employees ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 134). At the same time, the decline in union membership numbers is affecting the king of unions to effectively influence management (Balnave et al, 2007, 133). Because of this employees do not see the benefits in joining a union. Membership declines and impact of legislation Since the 1980s union memberships have declined in Australia at an alarming rate ( 2004).Memberships in 1988 stood at 42% opposed to 2003 with a small percentage of 23% (2004). This decline in membership can be explained by different vari ables such as change in workplace structure such as the move to more occasional positions, workplaces employing larger groups of people and poor economic performance. The employers ability to make offend wages also tests the need for unions ( Patmore, 1992, pg 227). Due to the close relationships that Trade unions dowery with the labour party many unions had relied on this relationship to make the conditions and wages for their members more pleasurable (Patmore, 1992, pg 231).So the re- election of the tolerant government in the 90s impacted probatoryly on the declining number of union members as there was no positive relationship between unions and the liberal party. From here on in the traditional Australian model of industrial relations was tarnished as yet again the people had chosen a government who had introduced an anti- union plan ( Barnes, 2005, 370). The first initial major change by the Howard government was the introduction of Workplace Relations ACT of 1996. This A ct saw the introduction of Australian Workplace Agreements (AWAs).These agreements enabled the employer and employee to formulate their own agreement conditions without any input from unions. The agreements had to pass the No Disadvantage testing ensuring that an employee would in no way be disadvantaged by these individual AWA agreements (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 146). after gentle the Australian peoples vote in the 2004 election, Howards government implemented changes to legislation which are considered to be the most significant in Australias biography of industrial relations since the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 ( Riley &038 Sarina, 2005, pg 343).These changes involved amendments to the Workplace Relations Act of 1996, to generate The Workplace Relations Act 2005, which is also known as Workchoices. The prime designate of workchoices was to shift the power in the workplace to be in favour of employers ( Barnes, 2005, pg 373). This introduction of this act really impacted on the involvement of trade unions in countless ways. Firstly they destroyed the No disadvantage Test, therefore there was no way in which to test employees were receiving canonical wages and that their conditions of work were up to standards (Riley &038 Sarina, 2005, pg 342).Also the unions were no longer able to enter workplaces and were restricted to visiting workplaces for recruitment only twice a year. If these rules were breached, penalties did apply ( Cooper, 2004, pg 202). Not only were unions unable to easily approach members and employees, but the Workchoices Act made it difficult for unions to partake in industrial performance such as strikes (Barnes, 2005, pg 373). Because of the restrictions that workchoices placed on unions, members were not reaping the benefits they were promised.As a result memberships continued to decline (2004). In response to Howards Workchoices Act the Labour government decided to campaign against workchoice in the hope of winning the opinions of the broader community (Barnes, 2005, pg373). Together with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), the Labour government launched a television campaign that dealt with issues such as job security, and a large level of unfairness that they believed was occurring in the workplace (Barnes, 2005,pg 375 ).The campaigns must have been some what effective as Labour was elected into power at the end of 2007. This was a great turning point for unions as it was the first time after more then a decade that they had not been confronted with an anti-union government ( Brigden, 2008, pg 365 ). Rudds government worked quickly to make amendment to the liberal governments workchoices with the implementation of the Workplace Relations Amendment (Transition to Forward with Fairness) Act 2008.With this innovative Act came the removal of AWAs and putting in place a new no disadvantage test. The scrapping of AWAs and the re-introduction of the no disadvantage test gave unions the abil ity to rebuild their members as they now had more ability to approach workplaces as the power had now shifted back to the employees. Due to the impact of Howards adjustments to industrial relations legislations with the introduction of Workplace Relations Act in 1996 then to the inclusion of the Workchoices Act 2006 unions were restricted on their ability to influence employees.This impacted greatly on the decline in union members. The Fair Work Act2008 implemented by Rudds government looks more smart for the continuation of unions, however to re-gain full respect unions are going to have to double their efforts and increase their efforts in years to come ( Cooper, 2004, pg 203). Effect of homophile Resources on Employees and Union memberships With the decrease in unions, there has been a historied increase in the use of human resources techniques in the workplace ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169). human race Resources is the element of a business that deals traditionally with pay an d recruitment as well as planning and business performance ( Griffiths &038 Lloyd-Walker, 2007, pg 2). The techniques adopted by Human resources focus on the individual and their performance within the workplace ( Balnave et al, 2007 pg, 169). For instance businesses are more focused on including employees in their decision making process and rewarding them through reward systems.Also there are fewer management levels within workplaces which enables employees to be placed on a similar level to higher management ( Patmore, 1992, pg 239). This day and age, HR within a workplace is focused on helping the custody directly rather then including a third party such as a union ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169). Employees join unions for various reasons as already discussed such as the ability to be heard as a collective voice rather then as an individual, protection from employers, economic benefits and the culture of a workplace (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169).Human Resources techniques offer the ability for employees to beat more involved with their workplace decisions, it is possible that employees feel that they are able to easily approach management. Because of this employees feel that there is less need for them to become union members. Therefore because employees are able to voice their opinions and take part in the decision making process of their company, it is more then likely that employees will directly approach their management team rather then involving a third party such as a trade union.This inturn has an impact on the declining rate of trade union members. Conclusion Trade unions have played an important role in industrial relations in Australia (Balnave et al, 2007, pg 124). Originally trade union membership was popular as it offered employees many benefits such as a collective voice and it gives employees a greater amount of power to achieve the pleasant working conditions they are after. For many years now trade union memberships have been declining delinquent to various factors such as the change in workplace structure to more casual employment and companies employing larger work forces.However one of the biggest impacts of all was the re-election of the liberal government in 1996. The drastic changes the government made to industrial relations with the introduction of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 and posterior the Workplace Relations Act 2005. These acts placed large restrictions on unions and as a result the number of union memberships continued to decline. It wasnt until the Rudd government was elected in 2007 that changes were made to these legislations that enabled unions to play a part in industrial relations once again.The modern practice of Human Resources in the workplace is also said to have impacted on the decline of union membership. Through the use of Human Resources techniques companies are now more inclined to directly deal with their employees rather then have a third party involved. This is well suited to employees and they may feel more comfortable just approaching management rather then be apart of a union which involve fees. The re-election of the labour government in 2007 lead to the changes in legislation that unions needed if they are going to regain their level of importance in industrial relations.However unions are going to have to work hard at doubling their efforts at recruiting employees if trade unions are going to have a positive history in Australia (Cooper, 2004, pg 208). References Balnave, N, Brown, J, Maconachie G, &038 Stone, RJ 2007 Employment Relations in Australia, 2nd edn, Wiley, Milton, QLD. Barns, A, 2005 Trade trade unionism in 2005, daybook of industrial relations, vol. 48, no. 3, pp 369-383 Brigden, C, 2008 Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2008, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 51, no. 3, pp 365-378 Cooper, R, 2005 Trade Unionism in 2004, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 7, no. 2, pp 202-211 Cooper, R, 2008 Forward with Fairness? Industria l Relations under Labour 2008, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 51, no. 3, pp 285-296 Griffiths, J &038 Lloyd-Walker, 2007 Human Resources precaution, 3rd edn, Pearson Education Australia, French Forest, NSW. Patmore, G, 1992, The future of trade unionism- an Australian perspective, transnational Journal of Human Resources Management, vol. 3, no. 2 pp 225-239 Riley, J, &038 Sarina, T, 2005, Industrial legislation in 2005, Journal of industrial relations, vol. 8, no. 3, pp 341-355 About Trade unions, Australian Council of Trade Unions, viewed tenth April, 2010 http//www. actu. org. au/About/Tradeunions/default. aspx Unions History 1900- 1960, Australian Council of Trade Unions, viewed tenth April 2010 http//www. worksite. actu. asn. au/fact-sheets/unions&8212history-1900-1960. aspx Feature article- Trade union membership, Australian Bureau of statistics, viewed 10th April 2010 http//www. abs. gov. au/AUSSTATS/email&160protected nsf/featurearticlesbyCatalogue/592D2F759D9D38A9C A256EC1000766F7? OpenDocument

Effect of enzymes on reactions Essay

Effect of enzymes on responses entrance       The function of any enzyme largely depends on the arrangement of its amino acids. The squ atomic soma 18 off of an enzyme is so important such that any alteration or mixture in its amino acid sequence piece of tail have a huge effect on its function. An alteration to the amino acids in an enzyme does non only alter it shape but also its functionality. During a reaction, the consentaneous enzyme does not take part but rather a bantam part cognise as the mobile site. The shape and appearance of the active site in any enzyme is determined by its three dimensional structure. The active site of an enzyme houses the shape of the substrate that collects to be shiftd during the reaction. This fashion that enzymes and substrates work like a lock and divulge. Since a specific key potful only open a specific lock, this is explains why enzymes are specific in their reactions.How enzymes change state reactions  &nbs p    As noted earlier, enzymes serve as catalysts that speed up the rate at which biochemical reactions take place. They in general work by offering a transfigure pathway for reactions. Compared to separate catalysts, the pathway provided by enzymes reduces activation energy. The same with all other catalysts, enzymes introduce in reactions and this is the main way through which they offer a substitute reaction pathway. However, it is worthy noting that enzymes do not undergo any everlasting changes during a reaction but remain intact. on that point main share in a reaction is to increase the rate but not the position of the reaction equilibrium (Cornish-Bowden 47). Unlike chemicals that catalyze a number of reactions, enzymes are ordinarily very selective and can only catalyze precise reactions. This characteristic can be attributed to the shape of molecules that make up enzymes. Majority of enzymes are made up of a protein and non protein cognise as the co inciden tor. In most cases, the proteins found in the enzymes are globular. Any change in temperature and pH disrupts the inter-molecular and intra-molecular bonds that hold the proteins together in their tertiary and thirdhand structures. This means that catalytic ability of an enzyme is temperature and pH sensitive.       For any molecules to react, they must pick out into contact with one another. In other words, they must collide with rich energy and in the correct direction. Sufficient energy is important during a reaction because it helps the molecules overcome the energy barrier to the reaction. This type of energy is known as activation energy. During a reaction, the active side of an enzyme attaches itself to one of the reacting molecules known as the substrate. A reaction catalyzed by an enzyme takes a different way compared to that catalyzed by other catalysts. The coming together of an enzyme and a substrate results in a reaction intermediate.Enzyme substrate Enzyme-substrate complex       The best experiment that can be used to validate the claim that enzymes do in fact catalyze reactions is looking at how enzymes help valet de chambre beings digest food. There are different types of foods that are consumed by human beings. Some of the most common foods consumed by people are the twain types of sugars namely disaccharides and monosaccharaides. These two sugars are derived from foods like fruits which also contain fructose and glucose. All monosaccharides derived from the foods that we cancel out is absorbed directly and transported to different cells in the body (Cornish-Bowden 96). Unlike monosaccharides, disaccharides need to be broken down into their monosaccharide form before they can be absorbed into the body. In the absence of a catalyst, the rate at which the ingress of monosaccharide ga milk sugar and glucose take place is very slow. Since human bodies require a lot of energy to function properly, it is imp ortant that the absorption process is cheered through the use of an enzyme. The main enzyme that is produced by human bodies to urge the absorption process is known as a lactase. The experiment would aim the following steps.This experiment can be represented using the following diagram.Fill a tube with 20 ml of a lactose tooth root.Fill another tube with 20 ml of lactose solution and 2 ml of lactase solution. Shake the tube to ensure that the two solutions mix.Give the experiment 5 minutes for the lactose to breakdown into galactose and glucose.Use a test strip to monitor the process. Originally, the strip is usually assumptioned aqua. If it turns brown, olive or green, it is an indication that glucose is present.Compare the results from the two tubes.       If the color of the test strip turns brown, olive or green, this is an indication that glucose is present. This means that reaction in the tube with lactase was catalyzed resulting in the production of gluco se. The reaction in the other tube was slow because there was no catalyst to quicken the reaction. The result from this experiment indicates that indeed enzymes can play a rangy role in catalyzing reactions.ReferencesCornish-Bowden, Athel. Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics. (3rd edition), Portland Press, 2004. Print.Source document

Memory Management Strategies

ITCS 343 Opera-ng System Principles retrospect Management Strategies Virtualizing Resources ? corporal Reality Di? erent Processes/Threads sh ar the same computer hardw be ? Need to mul-plex primary(prenominal)frame (Just ?nished scheduling) ? Need to mul-plex use of Memory (Today) ? Need to mul-plex disk and devices (later in term) ? The nab working state of a exhibit and/or kernel is de? ned by its selective information in computer storage (and biographys) ? Consequently, back endnot just let di? erent threads of assert use the same warehousing ? Probably dont regard di? erent threads to even fork up access to each others retrospect (protec-on) ?Physics two di? erent pieces of entropy cannot occupy the same loca-ons in memory ? Why worry about memory sharing? Memory Hierarchy of a Modern Computer System ? Take value of the principle of locality to ? Present as much memory as in the cheapest technology ? Provide access at speed o? ered by the fastest technology Proce ssor Control Second take Cache (SRAM) Main Memory (DRAM) Secondary retentiveness (Disk) Tertiary Storage (Tape) On-Chip Cache Registers 1s 100s Datapath Speed (ns) Size (bytes) 10s-? 100s Ks-? Ms 100s Ms 10,000,000s 10,000,000,000s (10s ms) (10s sec) Gs Ts Background ? schedule must be brought (from disk) into memory and placed deep down a subprogram for it to be run ? CPU can access directly to registers and important memory ? Register access in hotshot CPU time (or less) ? Main memory can take many cycles ? Cache sits amid main memory and CPU registers -? to reduce CPU idle .me and present the available data faster to access. ? Protec-on of memory ensures correct opera-on ? to protect the opera. ng system from access by user processes and, ? to protect user processes from one other. ? One simple implementa. on is through ft and limit registers Mul? stepProcessing of a plan for Execu-on ? Prepara-on of a program for execu-on involves components at ? Addresses can be bank to ?nal values anywhere in this path ? Dynamic Libraries ? Compile -me (i. e. gcc) ? touch base/Load -me (unix ld does link) ? Execu-on -me (e. g. dynamic libs) ? Depends on hardware support ? Also depends on opera-ng system ? Linking postponed un-l execu-on ? Small piece of code, stub, used to locate the appropriate memory-? occupant library rou-ne ? Stub replaces itself with the target of the rou-ne, and executes rou-ne Mul? step Processing of a Program or Execu-on ? User programs go through several steps to begin with being able to run. ? This mul? step processing of the program invokes ? The appropriate u-lity (the rectangle) ? Generates the involve module at each step (the circle) ? Basically, it is all about declare address mapping. Binding of Instruc9ons and Data to Memory ? Address binding of instruc-ons and data to memory addresses can happen at three di? erent stages ? Compile 9me If memory loca-on cognise a priori, absolute code can be generated must recompil e code if star-ng loca-on changes ? Load 9me Must generate relocatable ode if memory loca-on is not known at compile -me ? Execu9on 9me Binding delayed un-l run -me if the process can be moved during its execu-on from one memory segment to another. Need hardware support for address maps (e. g. , base and limit registers) ? Controlled overlap ? Address eccentric person ? Separate state of threads should not collide in sensible memory. Obviously, unexpected overlap causes chaos ? Conversely, would like the ability to overlap when want (for communica-on) ? A physical (absolute) address is a physical loca-on in main memory. ? A logical (virtual) address is a eference to a memory loca-on that is free of the physical organiza-on of memory. ? All memory references in user process are logical addresses. ? A rela-ve address is an example of logical address in which the address is expressed as a loca-on rela-ve to some known evince in the program (ex the beginning address). ? Transla-on ? Protec-on ? Ability to translate accesses from one address lacuna (virtual) to a di? erent one (physical) ? When transla-on exists, processor uses virtual addresses, physical memory uses physical addresses ? Side e? ects kindle be used to vacate overlap,Can be used to give uniform view of memory to programs ? hold back access to private memory of other processes ? Di? erent pages of memory can be given special behavior (Read Only, Invisible to user programs, etc). ? Kernel data protected from User programs ? Programs protected from themselves Base and Limit Registers ? Each process has a separate memory quadrangle (logical/user address space). ? A pair of base and limit registers de? ne the logical address space ? base register holds the smallest legal physical address ? limit register speci? es the size of the range of a process ? Could se base/limit for dynamic address transla9on (oBen called segmenta9on) ? Alter address of every preventative/store by adding base ? User al lowed to read/write within segment ? Accesses are rela9ve to segment so dont have to be relocated when program moved to di? erent segment ? User whitethorn have mul9ple segments available (e. g x86) ? Loads and stores include segment ID in opcode x86 Example mov esbx,ax. ? Opera9ng system moves around segment base pointers as required Mul-programming ? Problem Run mul-ple applica-ons in such a way that they are protected from one another ? Goals ?Isolate processes and kernel from one another ? Allow ?exible transla-on that ? Doesnt lead to fragmenta-on ? Allows easy sharing between processes ? Allows plainly part of process to be resident in physical memory ? (Some of the required) Hardware Mechanisms ? General Address Transla-on ? Dual Mode Opera-on ? Flexible Can ?t physical chunks of memory into arbitrary places in users address space ? Not limited to small number of segments ? Think of this as providing a large number (thousands) of ?xed-? sized segments (called pages) ? Prote c-on base involving kernel/user dis-nc-on

Abraham Maslow’s Motivation and Personality Theory Essay

Maslow felt as though conditioning theories did not adequately capture the involvedity of human behaviour. Maslow therefore looked to determine what it is humans strain in life. After much theorizing, he concluded that we search for things that ordain fulfil our unavoidably for survival, as well as our emotional pleasure and self-satisfaction. He then went on to introduce his concept of a pecking order of inevitably in his 1943 paper titled A Theory of gay Motivation. Thus presenting the idea that human actions atomic number 18 directed towards endeavor achievement, believing that people have certain necessitate which must be met before they can go on to fulfil their potential.This could be finished any given behaviour which could satisfy several functions at the alike(p) time for instance, once youve acquired a hobby that youre exception everyy effective at, i.e. football, dancing, etc. you begin to meet ones take for self-esteem and social interaction. Maslows Hi erarchy of Needs has often been represented in a hierarchical pyramid made up of five levels. The last levels of the pyramid represent the most elemental needs, while the more complex needs ar located at the top of the pyramid. The needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. in one case these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the nigh level of needs, which are for untroubledty and security.As people progress up the pyramid, needs rifle increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment go for priority. Maslow emphasised the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in nightclub to achieve ones individual potential. Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major ro le in motivating behavior.Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs, meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. It is important to satisfy the lower-level needs in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences. He termed the highest-level of the pyramid as suppuration needs. These are self-fulfillment needs and do not stem from a lack of something, but rather the desire to grow as a person.There are five different levels in Maslows hierarchy of needs Physiological NeedsThese include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. These needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiologic needs are met. auspices NeedsThese include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Safety needs are what we need to feel protected against outsi de influences, i.e. the desire for steady employment, health solicitude, safe neighborhoods, being secure and comfortable. friendly NeedsThese include needs for belonging, love, and affection. These needs are considered to be less(prenominal) basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families cooperate fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does the involvement in social, community, or religious groups. Esteem NeedsAfter the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that shine on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment. Self-Actualization NeedsThis is the highest level of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, relate with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential. Maslows theory is relatable in my work as a nanny. I am considered a primary caregiver for the babyren I care for along with their parents. It is my job to make sure all their basic needs such as food, water, sleep etc are met these needs are called Physiological needs on Maslows hierarchy of needs and are considered the most important. Once I, along with the parents meet these needs, we then continue on to the pincers need to feel safe and secure. The way in which we meet these needs is by providing consistent care to the child/children and for that care to be given by the same few people i.e. parents, nanny, grandparents, and nursery.This allows the child/children to build a relationship with his/her primary caregivers whereby they trust them and feel safe with them. By being with the child for their first years, there is a wedge that they develop through us meeting their needs and being a consistent figure in their life, they receive love and affection from those nigh them and this gives them a sense of belongin g. As the child gets older I heighten and encour historic period them to participate in activities that interest them such as dance or football, whereby they are building on their social skills by interacting with children of their age and who share similar interests.This is where we meet the social needs that Maslow states in his hierarchy. When I look at the fourth level in Maslows hierarchy of needs which he calls the Esteem Needs I get together this is ground on how a child feels about themselves and also how they believe others see them. By meeting their social needs successfully the child/children exit already have started to complete this level in their development because of the assumption and acceptance they have already achieved.This is where my encouragement and praise service the child/children in my care to recognise their achievements and this also helps to build their self-worth and self-esteem along with both mine and their parents recognition. All the previous levels put out up to us helping a child complete their last-place stage which Maslow calls Self-Actualization however this level is where the child/young adult has to help themselves this could be achieved through a number of ways which could include continuing to further their education or going out into the world and conclusion a job but they will not be completely alone as they will have their parents and my support however by this stage I may no longer be with the family.

Presentation Of The Greek Society Essay

One of the productive poets that ever emerged from Greece is Homer. Not only was he known for his poetic exploits, his whole kit and caboodle are one of the works that gave an idea of what life was like in past Greece. Early philosophers of the Ionian school found his work intrigue and His work was criticized by Thales. For the purpose of this essay, focus will be pull on one of his works, Iliad.It is impossible to speak of Greek literature without considering Iliad. Iliad is non just a literary piece it gives an account of the wars and conquests in Ancient Greece. It informs us about of the various doctrines held by the Greeks and how they conceive of a muddle of things. The work is written in a prose form and is divided into Books from I to XXIV.As seen from Iliad, the ancient Greek society was characterized with conquests and battles. There is the innate proneness of workforce to engage other nations in war. It shows the lust of men for baron and their thirst for fame an d glory. There was also the belief in gods and spirits. The Greeks are pictured as set of people who debates and explains everything that happens to the as an act of the gods. When good things happen, it is so because the gods are happy with you. Hoverer, when things are going out of hand, it is conceived that the gods are angry.The verse also depicts the ancient society as a society that lives of men were not regarded. There was no room for pity because if a existence was considered to be a coward if he allows feelings of compassion. Men are motivated by a sense of duty to their nation and they fight for the case they believe in. these people fought, shed their blood and gave their lives for what they believe in. it was a time that was characterized with battles and for a man to be honored, you have to be a soldier or someone who has gone to battle.

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay

5 Parts of the Writing Process1. Pre-Writing in the first place you sit bulge to write something, you need to figure prohibited what you atomic number 18 going to write about. 2. Drafting Once you have planned out your ideas, the next step is to start drafting, or musical composition. 3. Revising When you revise, you are feel at the blow ups of your document and making sure that each part works together to grade a coherent whole. 4. Proofreading When a person is finished the writing step of the action and have revised your work, past it is up to the writer to take a step back and tint at the writing for errors and correct them. 5. Delivering Delivering in its simplest form refers to a text that is meant to be read to an audience.See more Experiment on polytropic do work Essay5 Resources to Help You Improve Your WritingSkills1. Writing Clearly A Self-Teaching Guide by Dawn B. Sova With Writing Clearly A Self-Teaching Guide, youll observe the answers to these questio ns and legion(predicate) more about the staples of communicating rough-and-readyly through and through the written word. Each chapter in this hands-on guide focuses on happen upon steps in the writing process, identifying the shared and differing skills demanded by each sheath of writing from a persuasive essay, a business letter, or a scientific report.The straightforward, structured format makes it fully accessible, providing an easy-to-understand over study for everyone from students beginning to build skills, to adults looking to improve their writing, to the experienced writer hoping to further hone skills in a certain area. This password consent tos you to build gradually on what you have in condition(p) at your own pace. Questions and self-tests reinforce the information in each chapter and allow you to skip ahead or focus on specific areas of concern. packed with useful, up-to-date information, this clear, concise volume is a valuable learning incision and referenc e source for anyone who wants to develop or improve his or her basic writing skills.2. Report Writing Skills Training Course by Margaret Greenhall This throw makes report writing a step by step process for you to follow every time you have a report to write. Margarets reason of how people read and remember gives a unique view to the process of report writing. This book brings you her tried and tested training techniques to make the process of writing a report straight forward.3. The Writers Workplace with Readings Building College Writing Skills by Sandra and John Scarry John Scarry and Sandra Scarry bewilder writing instruction in a clear and manageable form, with in stages explanations to help build and maintain students confidence in their writing. The result of many years of classroom teaching and research, this comprehensive and time-tested resource reflects the authors understanding that every student is unique, with different backgrounds and interests that must be acc ounted for as they rent in the writing process.This offers instructors the opportunity to customize their own version of the book by including or excluding any sections that they do or do non teach in their course-making this a text that reflects not only the students of necessity and experiences, but their instructors as well.4. Writing With Power Techniques For get the hang the Writing Process by Peter Elbow A uncorrupted handbook for anyone who needs to write. This book speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to solve power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all.Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and unagitated other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to upgrade two mentalitiesthe production of writing and the revision of it.From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, no planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, control, explicitness, and care in any(prenominal) it is we set down on paper.5. Steps to Writing Well by Jean Wyrick Writing well is just a step forth This book gives the student the ultimate step-by-step guide to writing effective essays. With the authors clear, practical advice and student-friendly tone, youll find it easy to begin, organize, and revise your writing-from choosing a topic to developing your essay to polishing your prose. Interesting readings in a variety of styles offer useful examples of the types of essays youll most often be designate in your composition and othe r college classes.

Clothing Store Case Study

29/1/ two hundred9 Executive summary This work is an introduction to the way of life fabrication of Pakistan which has ingest quite a stilt of impart in just a some days. Ten to fifteen years from flat, this patience was monotonous unknown to rattling constitute to the masses. Later with the defining of vogue councils and education centers under(a) the enthusiastic fewer who hopeed to elucidate a residual and promulgate this re e trulyy institution of hammer, did the rattling spirt sedulousness a bidk its concrete pattern from the old tailor acculturation that erst existed. Today it is unmatched of the to a greater extent or less progressing industries in the soil.The bearing manufacture too, is orderd by break through and throughside(a) rages be they social, political, economic, technological or tied(p) warlike, which serve as a master(prenominal) driver for this assiduity. to a greater extent over, coincidences with stakeholders ma in(prenominal)ly suppliers, distri howeverors and clients, and the effect and width of its competitors withal define activities in the origin. However, the relative strength of impact of these revealdoor(a) factors on the attention varies (as in both(prenominal) effort) and is computed with analytical tools like pestilence-C compend and ostiarys cinque forces soulal mannerl.N peerlesstheless, demeanor assiduity assures unfermented benas of growth and growing natural opportunities for employment. This fabrication promises a opposite subject field projection that is serene and contemporary. Later, an extensive home(a) analysis of the comp whatsoever of relate is carried f either out, which in this piece of work is maria B. m ar. B. is star of the roughly social unitsome renowned leaf blades of Pakistan. A comp whatsoever formed to revolutionize the tailor- finis of invest making in our order. m atomic number 18 B. s a flaw that r either(prenomin al)es to tout ensemble sectors of both the traditionalistic and urban female devise demand through a grotesque combination of determine and the diversity in the path life panaches that she offers. She is the unless work house decorator to brace all told the involve of different segments of the charrs demographic covered under unity roof. (Randhawa) She has been adopted by the late Pakistani women along with the hip bear on as the latest cult tail in late years. This land antecedently never witnessed a professedly outside(a)isticist pret-a-porter collection onward female horses infamous Paris Collection in 2001. Her c smokehes ar a reproval of her own style. path Avenue Quarterly, 2003) The sneak student from the number 1 batch of graduates from the Pakistan coach of style introduction, female horse was selected in 1997 to conciliate Pakistan at the inter subject field rival in Belgium, Europe called Les Etoiles de la mode, an wizard-year teen aged precedents award. She made a major creative activeness-wide media impact, and was the first Pakistani modality designer who created aw beness of Pakistani mold on the gentleness circuit, when she finished covering 3 in the final rankings amongst 22 participating countries including global form giants like, France, Italy, Japan, and U. S. A.A media darling of the topical anaesthetic press, maria B. opened her first outlet in 1998 in DHA Commercial Block, Lahore at a sentence when her peers and seniors were comfort operating from their homes, or at rented ho pop the questions. Today, maria B is immensely cropive and is the bounteousst selling discolouration under a hammer designers evaluate in Pakistan. (Randhawa) Her draw ins ar so niminy-piminy and margon considers them her strength. With her m iodintary strength and inter subject field presence, maria B intends to bring a alteration in the local look diligence. pic Introduction bearing in its elf is a precise abstract bourne all the same it embraces our everyday lives.The term has galore(postnominal) different definitions and interpretations. According to The Ameri wad Heritage College Dictionary, way of life is the prevailing style or custom, as in drape or doings something, such as a garment, that is in the ac opini cardinald mode the style feature film of the social elite. (Forbes Inc. , 1997). invent is an appurtenance of self, an normal of singularity, of art and modernism. It has no borders or divides. Its warmheartedness and it is the unvaried evolution of society (Ghafoor, 2002). musical mode is a social phenomenon common to m whatever fields of human activity and thinking. To some, agency is an art form. To some some an other(a)(prenominal)s, it is life.For most people it is a method of utilizing clothing, accessories and hair. forge is a mode to express yourself, to serve as an extension of your individualality, or tear down to disguise your true self (Nellis, 1999). Fashion is a term comm yet employmentd to describe a style of clothing worn by most of people of a artless. A personal manner ordinarily remains habitual for approximately 1-3 years and then is replaced by yet a nonher expression. Even though thither argon a lot of potpourris in spurt, most people do not easily except the modestys. A clothing style whitethorn be introduced as a mould, on the dot its use produces a custom later be bridge playered down from generation to generation.A manner that comes and goes is called a Fad. (Fashion everlastingly What is Fashion? ) A lot has changed and acquired in the storey of personal manner since the 1900s. As the nose potfuldy put overed, means was an exclusive enterp test, the pursuit of wealth. The average person in society frozentled for garments that were usually stitched at home. With sentence, however, networks of greet tailors began to evolve into a retail fib and the hol lo was followed by boutique selling. The 1930s were influenced by socialism, communism and fascism and womens expression became much and more(prenominal) feminine in retentiveness with these conservative bases.However, this period in any case reason saw the emergence of the culture of clubs and thereof positi angiotensin converting enzymes became more body-hugging and colors went more deep and dark. The institution of Indian and Pakistani cinema has recordn to be the strongest influence on the trim down in the decade. Due to western influence, the use of angarkhas, choghas and jamas had diminished considerably by this duration, although the observance pugdi, safa and topi were widespread as ever. They had been replaced by the sherwani, which is still a standard detail of formal dress for Indian and Pakistani men forthwith.Even though women were accept change, they continued to collapseing the peshwaz, kurta, ghaghra and odhni at phantasmal and ceremonial festi vities, which were flush sometimes made of imported fabrics. The 1950s saw the dawn of art colleges and schools and referable to the freedom debate and the adoption of khadi by Gandhi, the dying and handloom industries got more w argon ocellus. The 1960s was aceness of the most shock-filled decades of the century, as it saw sweeping spirt and lifestyle changes. Tight kurtas and churidars competed with mini-skirts abroad and at the same time, designers began to understand the need for cheaper, off-the-shelf beginnings.The 1970s saw the merchandise of traditional material with the result that export redundance was sold within the state of matter itself and hence, remote bearing came to the sub-continent. Synthetics became popular and the clothes tied(p) flashier. In the 1980s big silver ruled. In Pakistan too, silhouettes became more mascu cable system and the shalwar kameez was made with shoulder pads. The influence of mull over TV became more prominent and the teenage defineet boomed with youngsters who were more fake conscious. (Baig, 2004) middle 1990s and the beginning of the 21st century was marked modal value designers that changed the way shape was contemplated.Designers p from each oneyly influence what resultion fashion will go. These designers design and define next(a) fashion developments. They ar the trend situateters of change in a culture through change in tastes and lifestyles of a participation which is often characterized by changes in current trends and styles. And changes in fashion nobble one of the major uses in these transformations. The activities of these designers, col lugatively, form the fashion application. The fashion industry of Pakistan is ontogeny in volume with every passing day. The credit goes chiefly to the mainstream fashion people, who occupy been subservient in this change. Nisar, 2004) The industry has witnessed quite a mature spurt in the pull round two decades evolved from a tra ditional darzi (tailor) culture into a mature and elusion- rim billet (Imam, 2008). However the status of fashion designers in our arena greatly owes to the fashion institutions, oddly the Pakistan School of Fashion Design (PSFD) now called the Pakistan Institute of Fashion Design which was contend its role in bringing out the potential and imparting pro hatful to young designers who now enjoy a reputed appoint in the retail commercialise.Some of these accepted call in calling implicate maria B, Hasan Shehryar Yasin, Deepak Parwani and Maheen caravan inn (Qureshi, 2008). These are some of the few shits which the fashion industry identifies with. Though the industry had been operating for quite a time, it real got its institutional shape after the formation of the Pakistan Fashion Design Council. This council was an attempt by twenty five of the countrys top and established designers to create an infra structure, a computer program on which everyone could col compreh endate and confront their ideas and designs at the national and transnational take a place where they could ?Give structure to the expanding vital industry. ? To liaise with the administration bodies on matters pertaining to excise duty, taxation systems, preferential tariffs for onus etcetera , and to work towards creating a fashion di fastidiouss. ? To create an inter vista between the fashion industry and fabric and crafts industry which are one of the most salutary-knit industries , which could ameliorate them and in turn, eud demandonia the designers greatly by incorporating ethnic methods of weaving, printing and or get a airntation to rise up-market, contemporary cosmoss of standardized step and support range. To address the changing needs of the industry as it evolves and of creatively show-case the work of Pakistani designers and find a commercial example for them both, domestic helpally and globally. ( or so Us, 2004) Some of the attempts that the counci l made was the instalment of a Pakistan Fashion Week meaty for pedigree and job linkages as puff up as for publi urban center pur demos report carding the cede distri just nowion/reselling network to see how designers could benefit from it creating a trend forecast for domestic and export markets, and standardizing the pret-a-porter industry by having unvarying sizing, noteing and labeling norms. About Us, 2004) However, the councils main attempt to collaborate the efforts of fashion designers failed partially due to poor projection of there vision and partly due to the struggle in the views of designers in the East and southwestward Lahore and Karachi, the main fashion hubs. This led to the creation of two distinct councils, the Pakistan Fashion Design Council (PDFC) in Lahore and Asian Institute of Fashion Design (AIFD) in Karachi. These two councils chemise carried out their separate activities despite labor union efforts until lately.On declination 1, 2007, a p erambulation showcasing the creations of Pakistani fashion designers was inaugurated by the name of Boulevard in Lahore. It was for the first time in the citys history that fashion designers from all over the country got to display their work under one roof (Rashed, 2007). Prominent designers displaying their work hold Hassan Shehryar Yasin, maria B, Nomi Ansari, Kamiar Rokni, Shafaq Habib, Karma, Shella Rehman of Unbeatables, Ammar Bilal, Asifa and Nabeel, Ahsan Nazeer, Sanya Qureshi, Sobia Nazir, Nickie Nina, Sana Shahid of Sublime and Naila Maqbool.It is hoped that such a platform will amalgamate the vital forces of our fashion industry making it the hub of Pakistani fashion brooks as is envisaged (Farooq, 2007). An Industry abstract By definition, industry analysis is business research that wayes on the potential of a firm. Basically, an industry analysis is conducted to addresses three substantial questions 1. Is the industry accessiblein other words, is it a realistic pl ace for a upstart venture to enter? 2. Does the industry contain markets that are ripe for unveiling or are underserved? . Are there positions that will distract some of the contradict attributes of the industry as a whole? (Barringer &038 Ireland, 2006) A complete industry analysis of a firm will take its PEST-C analysis which will answer the first two questions, its Porters five forces analysis which will answer the last mentioned question, followed by its External Forces paygrade (EFE) ground substance on the backside of the opportunities forthcoming and threats confront by the caller-out of concern female horse B. PEST C EvaluationIn this industry rating, P stands for political, E economic, S Socio-cultural, T expert and C rivalrous forces that impact the activities and opportunities and threats reckoning an industry. Political forces These allow any change in governance laws tax laws, labor laws, patent laws, government regulation and deregulation etc, political st business leader, safe and environmental protection regulations, international consider regulations etc. (David, 2005) Changes in tax and labor laws, rout out directly affect an industrys r horizontalue and growth structures.A rise in the rates of these laws whoremaster add business expenditures and may flow r planeues. Sometimes, with industries with low profit metes, such change raise gravel a restriction to profitability. Political instability in the country in foothold of political parties or weakness in governmental polity drive out prove chaotic for the industry. on a swallow floor such condition, this business, like any other business can be intemperately affected and eventually shut down. For e. g. , national political parties like MQM and MMA reserve a very unfavorable attitude towards the fashion industry.In case of author, any of these parties can adversely affect or even lead to a ban on this industry which could prove distressful. as well as strict batch regulations and excise policies can affect international exports and hence, add the overall job conciselyage. Environmental degradation posses a great threat to survival of any industry. Hence, worldness a socially and environmentally obligated corporation is an requirement for projecting a positive public image. Economic ForcesEconomic forces that impact an industrys activities admit interest rates, income take aims and sacking patterns, outlay wars, oil, currency and labor markets, ostentation, unemployment, approachability of credit, fiscal policies, consumption and outgo propensity life history standards, international change over and cooperation policies etc. (David, 2005) straight off, there is a ontogenesis trend toward two-income business firms. Individuals place an change magnitude exchange premium on time immediate availability and improved customer return (David, 2005). Customers are willing to pay more if they can obtain it with ease. in that location is an increase in the average standard of living in the country with a decrease in poverty level of 10. 6% during the late(prenominal) quaternary years (Economic field of Pakistan 2007-2008). This can serve as an luck for the fashion industry to enhance profit margins through add-ons supplyd that the income levels remain stable. Changes in interest rates often occur due to changes in the exchange and trade market. A deficit in trade can account for rise in interest rates. Similarly and rise in the international scathe of oil (as witnessed in new years) can drastically impact the value of currency.This leads to changes in fiscal policy like an increase in the interest rate translated by inflation. High inflation can diminish down business activities and at time generate no profit at all. The inflation rate the year 2007-08 was metrical to be 10. 3% as compared to the 7. 9% last year which shows an change magnitude inflation that disadvantaged business performance country-wide (Economic aspect of Pakistan 2007-2008). However, in an economically active country with lower trade barriers, resultant price wars can increase disputation and even and industrys profit margins provided the industry is dominant as well as has international presence.Similarly, increased unemployment can provide an industry opportunity to project a positive image and provide training and employment to the depressed, hence positively contribute to the economy. Socio-Cultural Forces grammatical constituents in the socio-cultural front that can influence an industrys operations include demographic trends, cultural changes, environmental patterns, macrocosm growth, business attitude, change in tastes and lifestyles, education, respectable concerns, buying habits, religion, family, values and attitudes etc. Pakistan, with a population growth rate of 1. % is the conceptions 6th most thickly settled country with an estimated contribute population of 160. 9 million. (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2007-2008) Out of this 74% of the total population of Pakistan lies in age ag meeting 15 34. However, 70% of the population resides in urban areas. (Federal Bureau of Statitics, 2005). With this came in increase in the literacy rate of the country which increased to 55% in the last four years (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2007-2008). Business activities fall in also flourished quite in the new-fashioned years, partly owing to foreign competitors entranceway the market.This has led to an increased change in the lifestyles and mindsets of people. There is an increased trend towards thermonuclear and dual-career families which serves as great opportunity for the industry as the buying power of the consumer is enhanced. Moreover, with change in lifestyles comes change in tastes. Nowadays people prefer using customized fruits and this is an opportunity for the fashion industry to pursue its hindquarters selling strategy. Fashion industry is an industry for the youngsters. With such a liberal and mercantile tar develop market, this industry can earn huge profits, provided it sufficiently focuses of their needs and interests.In view of this, fashion industry collaborated with the PBA (Pakistan Broadcasters Association) to set up a fashion channel cosmopolitan last year by the name of ETNL (Style Dunia &038 Youth) which is being deputeed soon in the country (Pakistan Broadcasters Association (PBA), 2007). Religion and ethical alternatives too, play a major role in shaping strategies and merchandising merchandises, especially if one moves from culture to culture. Fashion industry in Pakistan, therefore has to take into consideration the limitations that ethics, culture and religions imply on clothing nationwide as well as inter nationally.Technological Forces Though fashion industry is not technologically driven, but is has now bring forth a requirement especially if an industry or beau monde motivations to mai ntain agonistic edge or tap into international expanse. The focus of todays industries is on mass customization as well as mass production which are not possible to arrive at if it is inept in technology. Several factors impact an industrys technological consideration. These are, Government spending in research, changes in Information Technology, Internet and sprightly Technology, energy use and addresss, and international dealing costs etc.Technology is one of the powerful commencements of marketing in todays era. The orb is now a global village. Increase in technology, especially the mesh helps cover a large number of consumers thus, helping a business reach a large target market in a short time span. According to estimates of 2006, the global profits manipulation accounts for 21. 9% of the total knowledge domain population with Pakistan alone, having a total usage of 7. 2%. (UNDESA, 2006) This is a very captivating opportunity for the fashion industry in case fashion designers start e-selling. planetary marketing (e-commerce) is one of the major contributors to being economy. It not moreover helps in the development of the business but also helps in the development of the countrys economy. However, any business in the first place tapping into international arena has to go through various study and research to adopt proper marketing mix, physical evidence and performance forrader debut itself worldwide. It also needs to be aware of all the rules and regulations (cyber) of its host country. at one time capitalized upon, e-commerce can produce great profits. militant ForcesThis force is recently introduced in the PEST analysis. Keeping in view the growing competition world wide, analysis of ones matched forces has become an inbred to succeeder. Gathering information about competitors strategies and progress has become very chief(prenominal). Due to change magnitude trade barriers, WTO, EEC, OPEC and collaboration with other world commun ities, national border are no more existent. Now every country is a part of a bloc. This in turn has fiercely increased competition as a result of lower labor costs, enhanced technology and earnings facilities.Now production is done in one country, assembly in other, incase and shipment in another due to advancements in transportation and e-commerce. Companies progress to to achieve competitive edge as cheap producers. In such a promptly changing environment with international competitors attack every country, keeping pace with, in fact going ahead of ones competitors is the only key to progress. However, it is essential to sustain a track of strategies and policies of an industrys competitors but ethical concerns in gathering password data should not be neglected.Competitors of female horse B. The family that study under fashion industry is mare B the largest fashion house of Pakistan. The guild when formed was the first to start business with a retail outlet while all her competitors were doing business from home. Today, after ten years in business, maria B faces competition from direct as well as corroborative sources. A list of her direct competitors include designers like Hasan Shehryar Yasin, Rizwan Beyg, Generationz, Deepak Perwani, Nomi Shahid, Nikki and Nina, Sehyr Saigol, Maheen Khan, Sonya Batla, Hajra Hayat, Nayna, Monica Piracha.With them there are validatory competitors too that pose a threat to maria B. They include local textile shops, local tailors, and famous notices like Gul Ahmed and Bareeze that are dealers in un-stitched garments. PORTERS basketball team ( competitive) Forces Evaluation at a lower place a de soak upated summary of the five important competitive forces is slide byn pic Rivalry among competing firms Fashion industry in Pakistan is yet in its progressing stages. It has travel ahead from being embryonic but hasnt spurted.However, threat of competitors is still an important factor that govern the operations of this industry particularly the rivalry between fashion designers of Karachi and Lahore in terms of ideals have prompted every alliance in the industry to strive to develop a competitive edge and nationally expand as large as possible. This is mainly because the few designers that exist at throw are enough in sizing and capability. The internet is still not used as a primary source of doing business but there is a growing drift among designers, particularly the established ones to use internet for trade purposes nationally and internationally.Inflation and changes in customers perceptions and attitudes is also a driving force toward increased competitive rivalry. In the beginning, fashion designers pursued all their efforts towards bridal dresses. only when as customers are becoming more and more aware and demand of brand apparel is increasing, these designers are finding clean areas of development by focusing more on casual outfits. However, this industry is still not matu re enough in its life cycle that price cutting could be a common phenomenon.There is not much time before these few designers are faced with increased competition particularly as standards of living become high and international designers set up their business in the country. belligerent rivalry in this case is comparatively high. Threat of revolutionary entrants Threat of revolutionary entrants in Pakistani fashion industry is high. This is because the barrier to enter this market is quite low because no foregoing fix is involve to start doing business in apparel, customers have low brand preference and loyalty, too is low.If a customer gets a better option else where and that too, for a lower price, s/he can switch to that option. Regulatory policies in the country are not very strong and hence achieving patents for a product or service is relatively easy. Moreover, the government itself encourages the setting up of new businesses. In regards to technological requirement, f ashion industry does not require any cutting-edge technology to keep at pace. Therefore, if one needs to get into fashion designing, it is quite easy. Potential development of commute productsIn an apparel industry, there is no substitute for clothes, but there may be a substitute on the procedure of procedureing them. Fashion industry, too faces threat of substitute methods of processing. People, especially in a growing economy can easily get ideas from designer outfits and get them stitched through a neighborhood tailor instead of buying it from that very designer due to its high price. On the other hand, local tailors can give you the same design, though maybe not the same quality at a comparatively low price. Hence, the threat of substitute is high.Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of suppliers is quite low in Pakistani fashion industry. The major raw materials required in this case are textiles and fancywork materials. These two industries textiles and embroide ry are one of the richest and profit producing industries of the country. Therefore a designer has the power and the choice to switch among suppliers and even negotiate prices as there are a large number of suppliers available to provide the same or even better raw materials at passable prices.Bargaining power of customers Bargaining power of customers is low in this industry. This is because there few choices to select from. Designers have there set prices that are quite high and opinionated they cannot be negotiated upon. If talked about competing brands, a purchaser cannot easily switch to other options. fruits are homogenous and the prices may either be uniform or else a buyer has to trade-off with quality of the product. External depth psychology SW(OT) OPPORTUNITIES THREATS fatten into Emerging Economies Competitors Enter invigorated Product Markets tender entrants Acquire More Companies Substitutes Ecommerce Sales Economic mooring hit the ceiling Standalone Stores Political situation International Economies and trade restrictions Brand Cannibalization External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix This hyaloplasm evaluates a fraternitys external environment the opportunities and threats that are faced by an industrys companies in the external environment. Our ac union of concern is female horse B.A summary of all the factors that are faced by this company and its ability to capitalize on them or tackle threats is minded(p) External Factor Evaluation Matrix Opportunities Weight grade Weighted Score 1 Expand into Emerging Economies 0. 14 3 0. 42 2 Enter New Product Markets 0. 12 4 0. 48 3 Acquire More Companies 0. 04 4 0. 16 4 Ecommerce Sales 0. 06 4 0. 24 5 Expand Standalone Stores 0. 03 3 0. 9 Threats 1 Competitors 0. 12 3 0. 36 2 New entrants 0. 1 4 0. 4 3 Substitutes 0. 12 4 0. 48 4 Economic Situation 0. 07 2 0. 14 5 Political situation 0. 5 2 0. 10 6 International Economies and trade restrictions 0. 06 3 0. 18 7 Brand Cannibalization 0. 09 2 0. 18 1 3. 23 Fashion industry provides a promising future of growth and development in Pakistan. formerly established, it has the potential to contribute positively to the national economy. Company Introduction female horse Bs entrance into fashion world can be summed up in adage she came, she saw, she conquered. (Ghafoor, reflexion to face with mare B. , 2002) mare B. was the first fashion house in Pakistan. She launched first outlet in Lahore in 1998. Since then, maria B. has grown leaps and bounds. With her vision incessantly clear to experience mare B. Pakistans first international brand name in fashion, today, she is the first and only women wear brand retailed across countries. She is the only local designer with a right outlet in London. The Label is also internationally stocked in Manchester, Birmingham, New Delhi, Dhabi, Orlando, Washington, New York, New Jersey, Dallas and New Delhi.By the end of 2006, she had retail reach to 5 outlets nationwide over Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, and Faisalabad. (Randhawa) In 2006, female horse B. also launched her first range of accessories of post and handbags. (Randhawa) female horse learned that there was awful scope for Pakistani fabrics in the international market and was determined to agnise her mark globally. As she said, Im a staunch patriot I extremity to take Pakistans name in the international fashion scene. I insufficiency to show people around the world what a great heritage we have. That rattling is the core philosophy of my business. We want to go into the international market and prove ourselves as a Pakistani brand name. ( mare B. Fashion Designer) For her, fashion is simply an extension of self, an expression of individuality, of art and modernism. It has no borders or divides. Its making love and it is a constant evolution of society. It is transient and global. (Ghafoor, Face to face with mare B. , 2002) She changed the previous begum darzun (societal tailoring) culture and brought new horizons in the fashion, quite the apparel industry as a whole with her pret-a-porter collection of penetrative and high-toned dresses that defined femininity with style. She believes that, Fashion today is not dictated to woman. The modern confident(p) woman chooses what she wears. Ghafoor, Face to face with mare B. , 2002) As a designer, she endlessly mat up her responsibility to translate and enhance each persons natural style into fashion recitals according to current trends. She believes in talents and dedication if a person is not talented enough or cant make fashion his or her life, s/he should be in another field. She strongly suggests, weart be in fashion because you want to be fashionable or make money be in it because you feel that you can contribute to it otherwise youll be just one of the thousands who have kaarigars (tailors) at home and think that they are designers (Ghafoor, Face to face with ma re B. 2002) accepted by BBC, in 2002, over a three month running programme for Asian woman as the like label for modern professional running(a) woman of Pakistan, Maria B has been hailed as the pioneer in redefining womans fashion modernity in Pakistan. (Randhawa) No doubt Maria B has brought a revolution is the local apparel industry. Today, after ten years in business, it is the largest fashion house in the local industry. Her company has risen and surpassed the semblance of mediocrity. A trend setter as Maria B. has ever been, she is even more passionate and brazen-faced to set trends for the future and believes that she can go further than others in bringing Pakistan on the world map of fashion. Randhawa) You have to aim high and I do want to get to New York, Milan and Paris one day. Maria B. (Maria B. Fashion Designer) interior synopsis of Maria B. Zurain Imam, a renowned fashion critic said that Maria B. has become a veritable couture quality household brand. (Ima m, The A to Z of Fashion, 2006) Maria B. has become a hot name with her exciting shoots and the rapid expansion of her outlets. Her achiever has single handedly shown that fashion can be successfully open in Pakistan as business. (Dawood, 2003) No doubt, Maria B. has put send a splendid example a of successful business venture by expanding worldwide in just a short span of time. entirely of this requires supplying and organizing strategically. Maria B. believe that its the companys strategic vision of promoting Maria B. as a Pakistani brand recognized world over has contend a very important role in its success. She believes that with good worry, marketing, leadership, research, cost and intelligence officer measures, a company can sincerely go ahead. Management Management at Maria B. like any other successful company is all about good planning, organizing, motivating, leading and controlling. The company has a strong prudence philosophy that believes is integrity, talent and dedication if you cant make fashion your life, choose another field. (Ghafoor, 2002) readiness Maria B. irmly believes that good and forecasted planning is essential for achieving a desired goal. Planning is all about preparing for change by bridging the col between the present and the future. It enables a company to gather the necessary resources and carry out deputes in the most efficient manner. (David, 2005)At Maria B. planning is thoroughly done before the beginning of any new activity or the launch of a new product. The company also relies on competitive intelligence in order to make comparative finalitys. With no fear on local competition from brands like Hasan Shehryar, Nomi Ansari, Ammar Bilal, Deepak Parwani, Rizwan Beyg and Nilofer Shahid etc. the company formulates strategies in view of the international market and international competitors like Armani, Prada, and Louis Vuitton etc. Organizing Organizing is really important for defining task and authority and effe ctively and efficiently allocating resources for any company. (David, 2005) At Maria B. defining draw off of authority is important. The company started off with a functional structure with Maria being the chief executive officer as well as the controller all designing and marketing activities. With the companys expansion across the borders, Maria B. now is developing towards a more divisional structure with line of command spreading internationally. Since the Maria B. accoutrement launch in 2006, and the companys aggressive intensive strategies through market and product development, it wont be long till Maria B. starts works(a) at each production line separately at the organizational level. At present, the company employs more than 50 management staff in its outlets across Pakistan alone. (Randhawa) storage allocation of resources is also another important decision for the company. The company is financed completely by the CEO Maria. Moreover, the use of skilled labor for the job also is carefully selected to give every single piece of work the designer finish. Motivating and Staffing Motivation means influencing people to accomplish special objectives. Staffing, on the other hand is the essence of human resource management.It includes activities of recruiting, interviewing, testing, selecting, orienting, training, developing, evaluating as well as rewarding. (David, 2005) The Maria B. factory currently employs over 200 players, all recruited after specific procedures that test there credibility to the profession. Because Maria B. wants to give the best in terms of quality and versatility, hence every worker needs to know how to give the finished finishing to a Maria B. dress. to each one employee is required to make a try on of embroidery or hemming etc that s/he specializes in. In case of training, the companys HR manager is prudent for developing and grooming the workers for perfection.The company believes in come to Employment Opportunity and every individual be it a man or a woman is selected merely on the basis of his or her talent/skill. (Shaukat, 2009) In terms of wage and safety issues, Maria B. conforms to the Labor Laws, be it in Pakistan or across the borders. In terms of motivations, the company always grants a pay rise every month on the basis of performance. Moreover, the in lieu of employee safety, every process in the factory is automated. Training is given to operate the machinery. (Shaukat, 2009) The production rate of the factory is the highest among the local designers for formal couture, pret-a-porter lawn on a monthly basis. (Randhawa) Controlling Controlling at Maria B. is done through monetary incentives given based on performance.Employees are first trained and the standards of performance are set. Individuals meeting these standards are considered for the incentives. The company believes in its employees as an asset and retaining them is essential if it wishes to avoid further training and hiring costs. It believes employees become see with time and this increases their loyalty to the company which is very essential particularly in present times of economic slump. merchandising Marketing can be described as the process of defining, anticipating, creating and fulfilling customers needs and wants for products and/or services. This is exactly what Maria B. invested upon.The company created the demand of brand designer clothes through awareness. Maria B. made people shift from the traditional tailor-culture to demand more. Its heavy marketing approach and use of appropriate mix of marketing made it develop a brand name, an identity which no other designer had before. Customer Analysis It involves the examination and evaluation of customers needs and wants. At the time of the companys start up, Maria B. researched on the need of fashion industry, found a considerable target market for her product and then launched the first Pakistani fashion house. She changed the concept of fa shion from the dress of the work women to everyday wear.Today her clientele are spread across the globe and includes teenagers to 70 year-olds. Maria B. takes care of the need of each and every age group. Her contrast and filling of colors defines that each and every line is tailored to specific clienteles needs wild and fearless prints for the youngsters and unbiased and serene ones for adult target market. Her customization to the needs of the customer is an important variable of success of Maria B. (Ghafoor, Face to face with Maria B. , 2002) Planning and Selling Products/ Services Maria B. has the designer need of ready-to-wear dress line for each age-group and every routine catered effectively to.She take care of everyones needs and desires and relies on adequate promotion activities to retain previous as well as capture more market. Marias pret line of clothing includes formals, semi-formals, caller line, mafia line, bridal line and her new MGirl line. Together with t his, she also started her own ancillary and jewels line in 2006. Mafia line this is a casual, ready to wear line. Mafia is made mostly in thoroughgoing(a) cottons, khaddars, lawn, linens and embroidered cottons. This line is principally day wear which is affordable and trendy. Semi formals This range is primarily evening wear- slightly more formal, it plays with exquisite embroideries in resham and crystals on chiffons, silks and georgettes.Formals Perfect for spousal relationship needs, this line consists of silks, jamahwars and heavy hand embroideries in crystals and salma dapka (traditional eastern embroideries) Maria. B Brides A rigorously couture line which is available only at the bridal studio in Lahore. It is a made to order line for brides and their families. Mgirl this is the new hip and trendy line by Maria B. offering everything from clothes to bags and space to accessories. It guarantees satisfaction to the woman who wants it all. It caters to the fun and brazen-f aced and is certainly not for the fainthearted. Maria. b Jewels Introducing semi-precious jewelry for weddings, this jewelry in platinum surface with semi-precious stones such as topaz, tourmaline, amethysts and zircons. Official Facebook group of Maria B. ) According to a recent survey, Maria B. lawns have been the largest sellers in terms of number of units in all of Pakistan. (Mansoor, 2008) All this is the result of Marias intimidate effort to promote her brand at every level possible. Being a media darling, she relied heavily on print media and PR activities for the promotion of her brand. Some the names in print media are reach News, mugful magazine, Instep magazine, Fashion periodical, SHE and others. For PR, Purple Arts have been Maria B. s official consultants. (Shaukat, 2009) in like manner these, fashion shows, ramp events have also been another very important source of promotion.But due to governmental issues, these events are snubbed and not promoted to the adequ ate promotional level. However, the recent Lux Style Awards Red Carpet and Ramp Events (Imam, 2005) and 2007 field of study Day Ramp Show held in Washington D. C. (Embassy of Pakistan, 2007) served as a very important awareness and marketing tool, provided they continue. Besides, Maria B. also holds her own fashion shows at the international level. Besides being business-minded, Maria B. is also a socially responsible person. She holds ramp events at the national as well as international level to help the deprived class of the society through foundations like Kashf.In 2001, on the launch of her Paris Collection, Maria B. held a fashion show in Marriot, Karachi for ski tow money for Afghan refugees in the country. (Malik, 2001) In a nutshell, Maria B. s success is a fusion of excellent dress designing as well as sophisticated promotion done nationally as well as internationally. set and Distribution This is an important decision in marketing. As for Maria B. this decision of prici ng and distribution is a task well done. Maria B. always wanted to make her name in the international market. Since the launch of her fashion house, she has been ceaselessly working to promote her product internationally. At the national level, Maria B. as expanded to almost all the major cities of the country Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad and Faisalabad. She has plans of enterprise her outlet in every city of the country. But her main goal is to export her product around the world. She wants to make Maria B. the brand of Pakistan. And she has been very successful in doing that. Within ten years of business, Maria B. has outlets in U. K. , U. S. A. , India, and Dubai. But export being her strategic vision, Maria B. wants to expand to other cities of the world. I want to send haute-couture items such as evening wear, bridal wear etc. to UK/Europe, and then eventually to the US/Canada, Singapore and Australia. She remains undaunted by the global competition and says you have to aim hi gh and I do want to get to New York, Milan and Paris one day. (Maria B. Fashion Designer) As for pricing, it is well alter to the need of the local market. Maria B. has unit- priced her product very intelligently neither very high nor very low or somehow affordable as on critic says. (Ghafoor, 2002) She believes her lines are of the top-most quality and hence, relies on skimming strategy for pricing. Regarding the international market, prices are decided in accordance with the trade regulations of the country, by adding a mark-up to it. (Shaukat, 2009) Market search and Opportunity Analysis Maria B. elieves in fashion as a constant transient change. New tastes keep on developing which gives rise to new demands in the product market. query hence, is always unfavorable to success. Maria B. no doubt has always successfully catered to the needs to its market through research. A recent example is her launching of the new M Girl line with its bold, wild and vibrant colors, keepin g in mind the asp viperirations of the young women of today. (Official Facebook group of Maria B. ) Finance/Accounting Functions With increasing divisional structure of the company, the need of a fledged strong-mindedly operating financial part was necessary. Maria B. has fully handled that.The company has an independent accountant who is responsible for all the financial matters of the company. Thought most of the information was confidential, however, Maria B. s net profit margin was found out to be 6. 77% after taxes and interest. And the companys crying(a) profit margin was found out to be 98. 25% which is quite private detective especially in todays era of economic slowdown. With the pursuance of her already implemented strategies and adequate control, Maria B. , no doubt, can become one of the most successful brands of Pakistan. Research and Development Research and Development (R &038 D) has become a necessity in todays constantly changing era. Unfortunately, at Maria B. no specific R &038 D incision exists despite its expansion.All research decisions are made during periodic meetings or by the CEO. However, in lieu of arising need and global expansion, Maria B. is making decisions on having an R &038 D department. Production and Operations Maria B. works on all types of clothing, from cotton, linen, silk, hand woven khaddar and organdy garments. She prefers working on colors that are bold and vibrant. Colors and material that are bland are not her preference. The cloth is always acquired from the textile hub, Faisalabad. In case if the desired cloth or quality is not available, it is also imported. The production process at the Maria B. factory is highly mechanize and up-to-date.She does not fear local competition because her processes are highly automated and recent. 200 employees in the factory work on monitoring production and focusing on embroidery. Though no special MIS software product is in place, the company plans to have one installed s oon as market size and demand increases. (Shaukat, 2009)Moreover, all the activities in the companys value-chain is covered by the cost of sale of goods. (SW) INTERNAL ANALYSIS Below are a list of all the strengths and weaknesses that are faced by the company. The strengths are of an advantage to the company while the weaknesses pose threat and need to be decrease and converted in order to prove beneficial for the company. STRENTHS WEAKNESSES Wide product line No missionary post statement toughened Brand recognition No indite vision statement Almost all brands have a niche focus Brand cannibalization Decentralized management escape of focus Diverse brand portfolio want of Brand Idea Sharing Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE) The IFE matrix evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the company in relation to the ability of its management to capitalize on the strengths and downplay the weaknesses. Company Maria B. STRENGTHS Weight evaluate Weighted Score Wi de product line 0. 21 4 0. 84 Strong Brand recognition 0. 15 4 0. 6 Almost all brands have a niche focus 0. 08 3 0. 24 Decentralized management 0. 06 3 0. 18 Diverse brand portfolio 0. 03 3 0. 9 WEAKNESSES No mission statement 0. 18 4 0. 72 No written vision statement 0. 16 4 0. 64 wearied advertisement efforts 0. 05 3 0. 15 need of brand idea manduction 0. 04 2 0. 08 TOTAL 1 3. 54 Competitive Portfolio Matrix (CPM)The CPM identifies a firms major competitors and its particular strengths and weaknesses in relation to a sample firms strategic position. Company Maria B. local anesthetic Competitors Hasan Shehryar Yasin (HSY), Nomi Ansari, Rizwan Beyg, Nilofer Shafid, Deepak Parwani. KEY SUCCESS FACTORS W Rizwan Beyg OPPORTUNTITIES 1 Expand to the northern areas of the country 1 Increase print advertisement and e-marketing 1 Expand into emerging economies S4,O2, O5 to attract markets like India, China as well as 2 Enter new product markets 2 Increase online selling to Italy and France the local market.W4, 04, 01 3 Acquire more companies S3, S4, 04 4 E-commerce sales 5 Expand stand-alone stores THREATS 1 Target niche markets in the country that is 1 Work on making a written vision and mission 1 Competitors not being targeted by competitors. S4, S1, T1 statement and project it to make the MARIA B. 2 New entrants 2 Advertise on brand quality and corporate identity. W1, W2, T1, T6 3 Economic break social responsibility to increase customer 2 Increase collaboration, cohesion and idea 4 Political situation loyalty.S2, S4, T6, T1, T2 sharing between local designers at the platform 5 International economies and trade of the BOULEVARD. W3, W4, T3 restrictions 6 Brand cannibalization Conclusion In a nutshell, Maria B. is conquering the land in the name of Pakistani fashion with her whimsical and bold styles. And one day, she surely plans to become Pakistans top international fashion label. Bibliography David, F. R. (2005). stra tegic Management concepts and cases (11 ed. ).South Carolina scholar Hall. Dawood, T. U. (2003, May 1). The future of fashion. Retrieved January 11, 2009, from Dawn The review http//www. dawn. com/ periodical/review/archive/030501/review1. htm Embassy of Pakistan. (2007, shocking 26). 60th Independence Anniversary of Pakistan. Retrieved celestial latitude 26, 2008, from Embassy of Pakistan http//www. embassyofpakistanusa. org/news269_260807. php Fashion Avenue Quarterly. (2003, October). Style Chronology. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from Maria B. www. mariab. com/index. htmchronology Ghafoor, B. (2002, June 5). All eyes on Maria B. 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Retrieved December 26, 2008, from MAG http//www. magtheweekly. com/16/lahore. php Rashed, F. 2007, December 9). single at the Boulevard. Retrieved December 26, 2008, from Dawn Images http//www. dawn. com/weekly/images/archive/071209/images1. htm UNDESA. (2006, December). Pakistan. Retrieved December 30, 2008, from Internet World Sta ts usage and population statistics http//www. internetworldstats. com/asia/pk. htm &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 Salwa Shaukat L1S06BBAM0001 Javeria Maqbool L1S06BBAM0032 Sana Azhar L1S06BBAM2024 Kanwal Tariq L1S06BBAM2037 Submitted To Professor Nasir Riaz external and internal analysis Industry Fashion Industry Company Maria B.