Nicomachean Ethics Essay

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote the Nicomachean Ethics, portraying the significance of studying the realms of ethics and political science. In his work, Aristotle focuses on the theme of how human beings can attain the chief human good—happiness—at which everything aims. Aristotle argues that ethics, the study of moral character, and political science, the branch of knowledge and analysis of political activity and behavior, must be closely studied together in order to fully grasp the meaning of and obtain the good way of life. Aristotle believes that there is only one goal, one ultimate end for every individual—that is eudaimonia, translated as happiness, not as a feeling but happiness as the highest human good or a life full of activity. He claims that a person should live a way of life distinct from the lives of animals, where they only live for the sake of living or pleasure. 1 As human beings, people should use their power of speech to communicate and make rational decisions within a polity, striving to live their lives up to their full potential and to their full capacity for a happy life. 2 The life of politics, the via activa, is thus the key to the chief good or the best life for humans; however, the life of action must be of certain type of quality, in accordance with reason, since different actions may lead to the good or the bad life. In other words, a person’s actions must be in line with arete, with virtue or excellence. 3 Possessing virtue is having the ability to realize the good things, and doing them at the right time and the right way to get things done. Virtues can result to two different ways: a good or bad life. For example, President Lincoln versus Adolph Hitler—both of these men possess the virtue of wisdom, although they have used them disparately, one ending a Civil War in peace and the other manipulating others to killing millions of innocent people. To make it to the good end, Aristotle claims that we must practice virtue by, giving it a certain type of character or ethical quality to our actions. 4 Although human cannot acquire virtue by nature alone, nature allows and gives us the capacity to acquire virtue by learning and through exercising them in our lives. 5 By constantly acting with virtue, we cultivate habituation and ultimately we do not need to be self-controlled to do what is just. Instead, we become accustomed to do what is right willingly and naturally. Activities of good ethics or good moral character are virtues. And so, to best learn and exercise these virtues is by incorporating political science in connection to ethics. Aristotle asserts that the science of politics, the highest master of science combined with many other sciences, must be very well studied, for it is where moral laws are examined and its end, including the ends of other sciences associated with political science, will be the chief human good of all society. 6 Therefore, Aristotle presents the idea that the state must play an important role to aim and shape a society of good citizens, incorporating what the good life is: the life of virtue. 7 The state must look after its citizens morally, creating a type of society that will allow people to have a political life together; consequently, this political life will give them the opportunity and the ability to realize their wide range of capacities and their ideal life. Without the state, humans will not be able to experience the good life, the life of action. They are not self-sufficient enough to work alone, for they need others to be self-sufficient and happy. 8 Having a community will give every individual a chance to experience the struggle within the polity, in which he or she can exercise his or her many virtues, whether it be the ability to be courageous in the face of danger, the ability to make better judgements, or the ability to resist pain in the midst of hard criticism. Consequently, they build up their ethos or character, cultivating them to eventually living a happy life. The life of struggle, of politics, is the life where humans can have the chance to develop their full capacities, abilities, and strengths to overcome many hardships and difficulties. 9 Having a strong state does not achieve full satisfaction; hence, the state must know what eudaimonia is in order to direct and guide its citizens. It is necessary for the state to study and establish what is just and what is ethics. In this way, the state could inculcate what is moral through laws and education. Acquiring the chief good starts at home. Aristotle argues that a good state support an educational system, for a society that promotes morality is the best way of cultivating habituation in young children. 10 Having this strong educational system in the state will successfully encourage parents of each household to train their young children in good principles, abiding by the set of moral laws established in the community; as a result, they will naturally apply their good habits in their daily lives and ultimately gain the perfect virtuous life. Connecting the study of ethics and political science together can bring the whole society into a healthy life of virtue. Ethics is the key in which politics can utilize and produce a good society. By knowing what is righteous and what is ethics, the state can make the ultimate life of happiness possible for its citizens. Political science plays the role of establishing and enforcing good and moral character through an effective system that can guide and habituate every part and class of society. Ultimately, having access to a superfluous life of activity in a way that is in line with reason will let individuals life life to the fullest, of virtue and of happiness.

Salvador Dali’s Childhood

â€Å"The two greatest strokes of luck that can happen to a painter are (1), to be Spanish, (2) to be called Salvador Dali. â€Å"Even today, Salvador Dali is considered one of the most influential and successful surrealist artist in history, yet not much is known about his childhood; and what we do know is incredibly vague. His childhood is what influenced many of the famous symbols and styles found in his paintings and made them what they are. Salvador Dalais surrealist artwork is amazingly vivid and filled with symbols from both his childhood and adulthood.From the symbolic melting clocks to the lesser known fried eggs. Even from a young age, Salvador was a very eccentric and somewhat disturbed child. â€Å"When I was three I wanted to be a cook. At the age of six I wanted to be Napoleon. Since then my ambition has increased all the time, (surrealists. Co. UK/ Dali:pH). Dali surely had many eccentric ambitions. From a cook too Napoleon, this now legendary painter has much histo ry that is clearly shown in his art. Dalais childhood was full of perverse and sadistic elements that were to become a major art of his symbolist paintings,† (surrealists. Co. UK/Dali:pH). As a young boy, Dali began to show signs of aggression, because of this he was sent away to live with a family friend who happened to be an artist. There he developed the want to become an artist and explored other passions, such as pain. He was masochistic and would throw himself down the stairs because the pain influenced him. He had said, â€Å"The pain was insignificant, the pleasure was immense. More often than not, his desire to be different came out as violence. In one incident, pushing his friend Off 15-foot bridge to watch him fall. Salvador eccentricities didn't fade with age, if anything they intensified. â€Å"Almost everything he tried, he did well. He was a writer, a movie maker†¦ † (biography/people/ Salvador-Dali-40389? Page=1). Dali himself said that he would no t be forgotten, he made sure of this by spreading his name to all sections of the artistic community.He designed ‘dream sequences' for Alfred Hitchcock to use in his 1945 movie Spellbound, (biography/people/Salvador-Dali-40389? Page=1). He also collaborated with Walt Disney to create the short animated film, Destine. â€Å"Bizarre and outlandish, Dali often took part in performance pieces that were despised by critics,†(biography/people/ Salvador-Dali-40389? Page=1). Because he was never broody or quiet critics never took him seriously. To them an artist was secretive and every piece was to be a show case of the artist's deep sorrow and talent.Salvador really Just wanted his artwork to be seen by the masses, so much so that he created paintings specifically for companies o sell their products. Dalais matter of revealing the gap between reality and illusion influenced all manner of modern artists. Beyond developing his own symbolic language, Dali elaborated a way to repr esent the inner mind,† (transitory. Org/artist-Dali- Salvador. HTML) He used vivid imagery to show what he thought and felt. He knew how to create hypnotic art that memorized and inspired like no other artists could. On his death bed scientists asked if the melting clocks represented Einstein theory of lethality, he said ‘No its based on my perception of Camembert cheese melting in the sun. ‘ Dalais symbolism seems very profound and thoughtful and at some level it is. Ants and flesh represent an encounter with a wounded bat. Food like the fried eggs comes from Dalais childhood urge to be a cook. Instruments of mutilation are a tribute to Dalais sad-masochistic behavior and thoughts. His art has always Just been the thoughts and memories of an eccentric life and mind. Nothing more and definitely nothing less.

Apple strategic management

Apple strategic management INTRODUCTION In the 20th century, there was marketing resolution in the computer technologies; Apple Company was the top of the list who took all responsibility for establishing in 1970. Apple computer, inc. is larger company in producing the personal computer industry as well and the company toward fame during the 1980s. Apple Company has many products like manufactures, and marketing personal computers, software, and peripherals, concentrating on lower-cost, uniquely designed the iMAC and power Macintosh models. History of founder and the company:- Apple was founded in 1976 by Steve Wozniak, and their partnership began several years before when Wozniak, they were talented, self taught motivated electronics engineer, building boxes which allowed him to make long distance phone calls for free. And some of such type of boxes sold out. Principal competitors:- Apple was introduced its technologies at the same time periods the dell computer, Compaq company and Microsoft corporation laun ched their products so apple felt them as a competitors in advanced technology. So company has decided to change in strategy for the few years and took this hard time for several years. Principal subsidiaries:- Apple computer got fame geographically in the globe as in Ireland, UK, Japan, and Netherlands. This was the greatest achievement for the Apple group. Technology Analysis:- Apple is recognized for designing the marketing and manufacture personal computers and with the portable digital music players, software and related accessories. Third party videos and audios products are also marketed by the company and dealing with in terms of its services. The strong branded image is the key factor for Apple and its product has a command to sale the premium price. (Datamonitor, 2008) The recently, Apple’s products iPod and iTunes have great success growth in its sector. Users are allowed to legally buy and download all videos and music online. Information Gathering:- Sources are easily collected, as Apple Company published the large amount of data, available on the company websites. Some helpful data was accumulated by published annual reports. Rest for data was found without any trouble from including journals, Coventry university websites, and private website EBSCOHOST. Strategic capabilities Organization with strategic capabilities becomes a leading icon in strategic development when they start exploiting and expending their capabilities in such an innovative way it becomes difficult for other competitors to compete or to produce new market opportunities. e.g. Apple has always been using its leading IT knowledge in introducing every new product with revolutionary IT techniques to capture new market. â€Å"Strategic capabilities can be defined as the adequacy and suitability of the resources and competences of an organization for it to survive and prosper.† Johnson, Scholes Whittington (2006) p. 117. Competitive Advantage Organization which sustain s its profit upon its rivals, then company is said to be possessing competitive advantage. The main purpose of business strategy is to maintain that advantage on opponents. Competitive Advantage Model Resources A company’s specific valuable asset which can be used to get unique advantage and the rivals has easy access to same type of sources as well. The following are two main types of resources

Health disparities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health disparities - Research Paper Example I come from a nuclear family of six. I have two sisters and one brother all of whom are college graduates and are athletes. My father and mother have been married for twenty eight years. My father works in real estate and my mother is a teacher in an elementary school. I embrace black history and the African American culture (Andrews et. al., 2010). An artifact of my personal culture of origin is the preparation of food by deep frying and seasoning food with ham, ham hocks, or gravy. Many of the rites of my personal culture of origin revolve around food. Our cherished food called soul food is made of ribs, cornbread, fried pork chops, and chicken. Many people from my culture have a liking for butter, pork fat and salt as a flavour. Whereas these foods are good and we love them, they contain high amount of fat and sodium chloride that are associated with obesity and arthritis. Undeniably, people from my culture are fond of dining out and I would agree with studies that claim that we dine out two or more times weekly. Whereas this habit is desired and observed by many even from outside my culture, when we dine out, we take less serving of vegetables and fruits. The fast foods we take from fast food restaurants are associated with high calories and low essential micronutrients. This is one of the factors that have been cited in ex plaining the high statistics of African American people struggling excessive weight gain (Karmeen & Kulkarni, 2004). Generally, most African Americans get at least three children. This has an advantage of providing the family members of an African American family with familial support that is good for esteem and health. A large family size is good for health especially in terms of providing care to each other even when ailing. Despite this advantage, a large family size contributes to reduced nutritional care especially in light of the generally low socioeconomic status of many African Americans. This taxes the quality of health of

Corporations can never be moral entities Assignment

Corporations can never be moral entities - Assignment Example Other than this, the interest of the shareholders and stakeholders also need to be followed so as to improve the reputation and brand image of the organization in a market among others (Parker & Pearson, 2005). Not only this, if the business operations are maintained and controlled in an ethical way, only then its rate of sustainability might increase in the market. Side by side, its range of customers might increase thereby improving its profit margin and revenue as well. Thus, it might be stated that CSR is the procedure of continuous commitment over the issues of the organization, so as to improve the quality of life of the employees as well as the economic condition of the association. Only then, the level of conflict among the management and employees might get reduced resulting in improvement of the level of performance of the employees (Howell, 2010). The prime theme of this essay is to describe a brief understanding over the concept of corporate responsibility. It also focuse s on the fact that for what reasons an organization might never become a moral entity with the help of varied ethical theories in a vivid way. Discussion Meaning of Business Ethics Ethics is described as the set of rules and regulations, values and principles followed by an individual. These rules and regulations also help a human being to determine, whether the action is right or wrong. Other than this, ethics is also defined as the activities that might be accepted by the law as well as the other citizens of a country. Not only this, ethics is also recognised as the morals and beliefs that might be used to detect or interpret any specific situation (Wilkinson & Gollan, 2001). And when such types of legal behaviour or principles are utilized within organizational activities, then it is also known as business ethics. Business ethics play a vital role in maintaining the operations of an organization in an effective or positive way. Only then, the profit margin as well as the loyalty of the stakeholders or customers might get enhanced to a considerable extent in the entire market among others. However, in maximum cases, the corporations or organization fail to operate or maintain its functions in an ethical way. It is mainly due to faulty principles, rules and regulations and operations that reduce its chances to become a moral entity (Crane & Matten, 2007). Theories of Ethics There are many theories of ethics present but some of them might be described as below: Theory of Deontology According to this theory, the most vital aspect of human being is moral rules and regulations, which are unbreakable in nature. This theory states that, some of the individual do not think of the nature of the consequence, at the time of performing the activity. Although, the consequence of the activity may not be accurate, the individual would strict to his or her morals and values (Carroll, 2004). As a result, he or she would perform the accurate action, without thinking of the co nsequence. Such type of morals is extremely essential within the managers or leaders of the organizations operating in recent age.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 56

Summary - Essay Example He argued that population cannot grow rapidly due to several forces that hinder growth such as war, famine and various diseases. Additionally, he pointed out that most people control birth rates, while others engage in marriage at old ages. Disease, war and famine raise the death rates leading to the decrease of population while low birth rate and late marriages discourages population growth. According to Malthus population does not require to run out of food supply due to late marriages and birth control. He further explains that if these practices were not practiced, population would rapidly grow. Malthus claims that food is mainly necessary to support life thus encouraging population growth. He also explains that earth cannot produce food on its in great quantities unless labor and skills are exercised upon the earth’s surface. Malthus explained that God is capable of rising up plants of all kinds for his creation’s use without the assistance of labor or man’s attention. Â  Land preparation activities such as ploughing, and clearing of the land, sowing of seeds and other practices done by man for production are mainly necessary for enjoyment of life’s blessings. The practices arouse man in action and ensure that he reasons appropriately. Furthermore, Malthus claimed that due to the excitement of the blessing of life, and ability of man to provide food through cultivation of the earth, rapid population growth is being witnessed than food increase. According to the principle of population, man is considered slow, sluggish, inert and reluctant from labor. Generally, Malthus tries to enlighten people that population cannot increase exponentially due to low rates of food supply. He therefore elaborates that checks on population growth in most societies are preventive and others are positive. The positive checks raise death rates while preventive checks decrease population increase by lowering birth

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Ethical Issues Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Ethical Issues - Essay Example presently; GE has the record of being the sole company that is listed in Dow Jones Industrial Index that was also listed in the index which was original. Presently, GE is the sole company that is listed in the index of Dow. GE came up with the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). GE has the record to work in the power generation field which provided them the opportunity to venture into the new field of aircraft turbo superchargers. World War I marked the introduction of the first turbo superchargers. GE acquired the assets of wind power of Enron in 2002. The company also has its steps as GE appliances, GE plastics, GE medical systems and GE technical products and services. Unethical questions involved An ethical issue is regarded as a problem that is identifiable, a situation or opportunity. The ethical issues require a person to choose an action that may be evaluated as right or wrong among several actions. Such a choice often takes the monetary profit into account rather than the ap propriate conduct that is considered by the person. The nuclear reactors developed by GE have a fatal flaw. GE has developed 91 nuclear reactors around 11 nations. The probability of radiation from the designed reactors is 0.9 in case of nuclear meltdown. A documentary video was released in the year 1991 which accounted people who are harmed because of radiation and also because of the toxic pollution from the nuclear weapons of GE. GE avoids the testing proposals in chemical toxicity tests and it kills large numbers of animals annually. This argument was put forward by PETA. GE can also be held responsible for global warming. But recently GE has taken steps towards a stringent position in environmental concerns. Most of the largest green house gas emitters including GE failed to disclose the financial risk associated with changes in the climate and ignores the deal on global warming and other related issues which includes areas of corporate governance. The share holder’s mee ting calls the management to report on the green house emissions which includes carbon dioxide, mercury, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. The company has two manufacturing plants in Hudson falls and Fort Edward. EPA reported that the company discharged polychlorinated biphenyls of huge volume into the Hudson River. The company opposed the plan to dredge PCBs from the river. GE referred the proposal as absurd. GE was responsible in a fraud case in 1990s. Recently in 2010, GE has been under a lot of speculation due to discrepancies in their tax payment. Many have accused GE for differing tax payments on total profit earned. In 1992, General Electric faced its worse ethical lapse. The company was rocked by many pricing scandals related to the defense contract the company had undertaken. The public image of GE had suffered immensely due to the scandals revealed (Prasad, 111). To re-establish the clean image of General Electric, the company took various steps. The company drafted seve ral in-house rules that were of about eighty pages and were published in all the languages on the websites of GE. The rules and regulations were hailed as Integrity by the company. In the early 1993, the company decided to set up a toll free number, which was available to all the employees. The employees were requested to call up at the toll free number to report any unethical practice seen by them during the operations. GE has been hailed by

Educational use of Information Technologies Essay

Educational use of Information Technologies - Essay Example The advent of computers has brought sweeping changes to the way children nationwide are learning. In classrooms across the country, todays first-graders do their addition problems behind a computer screen and middle-school students conduct research via the Internet, rather than the local libraries. The addition of technology in the classroom exposes children to computers and gives them a basic understanding of their use, but few teachers use technology to its full potential, leaving students and society at a disadvantage. Although technological advances make teaching and learning easier, a greater effort needs to be made to prepare youths for the intellectually-driven jobs of the future. Job availability in the information services sector is expected to grow by 11.6 percent by 2014, creating an estimated 364,000 jobs for those well-trained in the field of technology (U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Outlook, 2003, paragraph 22). As well, the nation is expected to see growth in the "soft skills" job sector, such as customer service positions, which requires a workforce with good math, written communication and problem-solving skills (U.S. Department of Labor 21st Century Workforce Initiative, 2004, paragraph 3). Just as the characteristics of the American classroom have evolved over the past few decades, the American workforce is also seeing a shift from manual, factory jobs to intellectually-driven service jobs. As technology continues to change and improve lives in todays global community, it is crucial that the American educational system keep pace by implementing technological advances in the classroom to improve the academic performance of students and ensu re that our nations youths are prepared when they enter the ever-evolving and expanding U.S. job market. In response to growing concern nationwide about the poor academic performance of the countrys schoolchildren, President George

Industry Paper-Exploring organaizational development and strategies Essay

Industry Paper-Exploring organaizational development and strategies - Essay Example With the advent of time, the vacuum cleaner industry has undergone drastic changes. The globalization of the markets, rapid developments in the technologies, easy access to cost-effective manufacturing destinations and growing concern for eco-friendly products and services have stressed the need of modifying the organizational structures and strategies (European Commission, 2009). The vacuum cleaners are supplied in accordance to the demands of the customers, government, society and environment so that every stakeholder can get benefitted. All the key players of the vacuum cleaner industry such as Dyson, Dirt Devil, Electrolux, Kirby, Hoover, Vax, Black & Decker, Miele, Oreck and many more have same organizational structures and strategies. However, they differ in terms of their competency level and product differentiation strategy. The early form of vacuum cleaners was the self-contained ones which were the foremost and sole suction machines. These first machines were introduced and invented in Europe by Hubert Booth in early period of 1900s and his company’s name was Goblin. Next, the upright vacuum cleaners were created which had a revolving brush for loosening the debris. These appliances were conceived by James Murray Spangler and a few years later were introduced in US by Hoover. The early entrants of the vacuum cleaner market in UK were Electrolux in 1908, followed by Vorwerk in 1929 and Miele in 1931 (European Commission, 2009). During the period of 1960s, the concept of professional carpet cleaning was inaugurated. This latest trend was refined by Alan Brazier under the brand Van in 1980s. This was the turning point in the European vacuum cleaner industry as Vax Ltd. took over more than half of the UK market by the end of 1980s. Hoover and Bissell launched the extractors or upright carpet washers in Europe and US in the early years of twenty-first century. In 1911,

12 Angry Men sociological analysis Essay Example for Free

12 Angry Men sociological analysis Essay 12 Angry Men focuses on a Jurys deliberations in a capital murder case. A 12- man Jury is sent to begin deliberations in the first-degree murder trial of an 18-year- old Latino accused in the stabbing death of his father, where a guilty verdict means automatic death sentence. The case appears to be open-and-shut: The defendant has a weak alibi; a knife he claimed to have lost is found at the murder scene; and several witnesses either heard screaming, saw the killing or the boy fleeing the scene. Eleven of the Jurors immediately vote guilty; only Juror No. Mr. Davis) casts a not guilty vote. At first Mr. Davis bases his vote more so for the sake of discussion after all, the Jurors must believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty. As the deliberations unfold, the story quickly becomes a study of the Jurors complex personalities (ranging from wise, bright and empathetic to arrogant, prejudiced and merciless), preconceptions, backgrounds and interactions. That provides the backdrop to Mr. Davis attempts in convincing the other Jurors that a not guilty verdict might be appropriate. A huge feel of the film is gotten through the time period it took place in. Peoples views on race were made very publicly within the Jury. Many of them seemed to have personal vendettas against different races. They deemed the boys Hispanic race to be slum and nothing more than that. A universal problem that is shown in several ways throughout the film is personal prejudice getting in the way of Judgment. Juror number tens reason for saying the accused boy was guilty was because he felt people from slums should not be trusted and that they kill one and another for fun. His prejudice lead him to discriminate against the boy initially by voting guilty earlier in the film, before being convinced in voting not guilty. This was during the civil rights era and all of that. We all know blacks werent treated equally and this makes it apparent that it wasnt easy for any minority within the US. Theyd rather lock them up and throw away the key than give them a fair trial. Tensions run high the second the Jury went into the private room to deliberate. It was a very hot day outside and the fan wasnt working nor would the windows open. No man wanted to spend more time than what they thought would be efficient to determine the verdict. Some even spoke about their plans for right after, thinking it would be a sure bet theyd be out of there soon with the whole night ahead of them. They were wrong. From then on the film turned into an example straight out of a sociology textbook. Everyone didnt deviate from the norm of the group All except one, Juror #8. The rest of the Jury was outraged and deemed him a radical. They could not believe two things. One, that he voted not guilty, and second, hat he went against the group norm. He tried not one bit to conform. Rather, he stood up in grand fashion and presented his doubts to his fellow Jurors. Slowly but surely his grand scheme was working. He did not know for sure whether he was guilty or not guilty, but he had a reasonable doubt and thats all about what the justice system stands tor. Its so interesting when you bring a group o t 12 random people into a setting like a Jury and see what you come up with. All of these men, from different walks of life , they all brought something special to the table that was ital to their key decision. The sociological theory that tone of this film could easily fall under is the conflict perspective. At the very beginning, viewers can clearly see the tension is between the Jurors whom most have a personal prejudice against the boy for certain reason. Some Jurors simply expected that a boy from the slums would commit an act like that they were stereotyping that all people who come from slums are criminals. Even if a person is not personally prejudiced against and individual or group, stereotypes can have them make discriminatory actions such as vote guilty. The reason most of the Jurors stereotyped the actions of the accused boys is because of socialization. The way of transmission was most likely through media; crimes shown by television new or new papers are frequently from neighborhood of low economics standing. Deviance a topic I touched on earlier, is another sociological aspect that can be examined in this film. Deviance is a very relative term where depending on the group and situation, it varies. Juror 8 was the only that felt from the beginning the boy was not guilty. When the first vote most of the other Jurors by he fact he could think the boy was innocent and even were upset at him for thinking that. As the film progressed the Jurors began changing their votes, eventually the roles were reversed; Juror number 3 appear to be the one committing the deviant act since it is revealed his own reason for voting guilty is because of issues with his own son. One of the most important things I learned in observing the sociological aspects of this film is how easy norms can change. The norms of eleven out of the twelve men voted guilty, changed entirely to guilty as the film came to a chose.

What Is The Sources Of Skepticism Philosophy Essay

What Is The Sources Of Skepticism Philosophy Essay It is maintained that epistemological skepticism is different in theme and scope. There are two types of skepticism: knowledge skepticism and justification skepticism (Moser et al, 1998). While unlimited knowledge skepticism suggests that no one knows anything including the claim itself (reference), unlimited justification skepticism suggests a radical point of view that no one is even justified in believing anything including this view itself (reference). Epistemological skepticism differs in theme and scope. Two noteworthy types of skepticism are recognized: knowledge skepticism and justification skepticism (Moser et al., 1998). Unrestricted knowledge skepticism implies that no one knows anything including this claim itself. Unrestricted justification skepticism implies extreme view that no one is even justified in believing anything including this view itself. Another discrepancy is related to the level of skepticism. In its first level, skepticism claims that it impossible for an individual to know anything. In its second level, skepticism proposes that an individual does not know that he has knowledge. I t is probably that one knows P, but he does not know that he knows P ( Brenecker and Dretske, 2000). The other difference concerns the order or level of skepticism. In its strongest form, first order (or direct) skepticism implies that it is [impossible of] logically impossible for anyone to know anything. Second order (or iterative) skepticism is a weaker thesis that we cannot know that we have knowledge. Maybe you know P, maybe you do not, but you cannot know that you know P (Brenecker and Dretske, 2000). Regardless of the shape or size taken by skepticism, it is believed that is stimulated by one sole thing: seeking unlimited knowledge. Whatever form or magnitude skepticism takes, it is thought to be motivated by one thing; the search for true unrestricted knowledge. Pyrrhonians utilized skepticism in their search for true knowledge, which led them to suspending judgment of truth. However, ancient skepticism used to be unlimited with no conditions. It is believed that ancient skepticism is motivated by the nature of social and intellectual turmoil that existed in those times which invited deep questions about right and wrong, and truth and false (reference). Ancient skepticism placed for discussion more extreme doubts and maintained more radical attitudes than those familiar in modern skepticism. For instance, Sextus uses Gorgias argument to conclude that nothing exists (and that if it did we could not know so, and that we could not communicate it even if we knew (reference). (1) Skeptics in the ancient world particularly Pyrrhonians deployed skeptical behavior in the infinite quest for knowledge and truth. They suspended judgment of truth of any claim. Ancient skepticism was unrestricted and unconditional. It is believed [Thought] to be motivated by the nature of social and intellectual turmoil that existed in those times which invited deep questions about right and wrong, and truth and false. Ancient [ancient] skepticism raised more radical doubts and adopted more extreme positions than those we see in modern skepticism. An example which Sextus favors is Gorgias argument for the conclusion that nothing exists (and that if it did we could not know so, and that we could not communicate it even if we knew)  [1]  . The basic themes of ancient skepticism are belief, suspension of judgment, criterion of truth, appearances, and investigation (reference). However, modern skepticism mainly focuses on knowledge, certainty, justified belief, and doubt (reference). (2) The core concepts of ancient skepticism are belief, suspension of judgment, criterion of truth, appearances, and investigation. Modern skepticism is more concerned about knowledge, certainty, justified belief, and doubt  [2]  . The skeptical challenge has indeed many sources in the epistemological context. One of these sources is that we obtain our knowledge about the outside world through senses. We, however, may be deceived by these senses, and therefore, skepticism, due to the epistemic priority of the senses, becomes an unavoidable issue (Okasha, 2003). There are many sources or root causes for the skeptical challenge in the epistemological context. One such source is the fact that knowledge about the external world is principally informed by senses. As we will see later, those senses might deceive us in many ways. The epistemic priority of the senses makes skepticism unavoidable (Okasha, 2003). The epistemic priority of the senses has indeed a catastrophic effect on the human knowledge. When we agree that one type of knowledge comes before another as an underlying component of our philosophical understanding, we cannot be satisfied by a different idea (Stroud, 1989). (Stroud, 1989) believes that such epistemic priority has fatal consequences on the understanding of human knowledge. Stroud argues that once we accept the idea that one kind of knowledge being prior to another as an essential ingredient in the kind of philosophical understanding we seek, it immediately becomes difficult to imagine, let alone to find anything that could satisfy us (1989, p. 312).

Ecstasy Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

Article 1 C) Source of Article: Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Title of Article: Navy Medicine Steps Up to Help Prevent Ecstasy Abuse A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Talks about how the military is not protected by ecstasy abuse. They may have a zero tolerance mentality about it but that still does not stop people from accessing it. The Navy found a medicine that makes hiding of having the trace of ecstasy on a person harder to hide. They found a better way to detect ecstasy with a certain drug exam that is ahead of technology. Instead if a normal test for amphetamines they found a new agent that can even trace the smallest amount of ecstasy on a person system. This medicine has been tested for the past two years and was tested again before they sent out the troops to go to Afghanistan. Ecstasy symptoms can be decreased facility to regulate sleep and emotions, as well as increase changes in hear attack, stroke and possibility of death. Hopefully this will shorten the amount of people using drugs like ecstasy in any military branch while on task. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The authors idea with writing this article is that ecstasy abuse will be eliminated from all military branches. This idea is backed up with what he said about the testing results, â€Å"Navy Medicine also tested the product at the Navy Drug Screening Lab in Jacksonville, Fla., before rolling it out to the troops†. This comment by the author can be interpreted as successful results. Another of the author’s ideas or comments is that he claims to say that ecstasy abuse is rising in all over the country, and that the military should get more involved to stop it. The military is improving ecstasy testing on humans. â€Å"Although the Navy maintains a zero-tolerance position on drug abuse†, this means they are doing their best to stop drug abuse, and they are improving testing methods. Article 2 C) Source of Article: Naval Media Center and Bureau of Naval Personnel Title of Article: From Ecstasy to Agony Author: Capt. John Jemionek and Jo1 Joseph Date: Unknown A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He gives some of the street names for ecstasy and he calls it the club drug mostly because it is used at raves and such parties. Also goes on to call it the â€Å"safe drug†. Then even more he gets an in depth look of how the drugs looks and that it comes in a capsule about the size of an aspirin in po... ...zing on increased demand for the drug in the United States. Authorities are especially concerned about the role of organized crime in Ecstasy trafficking. Russian mafias have recently forged relationships with European traffickers and begun to dominate the global Ecstasy trade. The profit potential of Ecstasy is huge for such traffickers. Ecstasy tablets can be bought in Amsterdam for as little as 50 cents to $2 each. B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this article the writer talks about the urgency that our grate nation has over this simple deadly looking pill. He gives explicit detail in his believed and has insight information about the drug trafficking ways. By some sort f thought the writer believes that the drugs are sponsoring terrorism and that people in the Middle East and Russia use this money to buy weapons. He also talks about the Columbians trafficking ecstasy to the United States. Says that our nation is in great fear of this drug and what it can cause to our society. The writer believes that these drugs are going destroy America little by little by destroying the youth of America. Then with this they can invade the nation and destroy everything that we have built.

What i did for love :: essays research papers

You better come back here you good for nothing brat!" I covered my ears with my palms. That was my stepmother calling me. Her voice sounds murderous and I didn't want to face her today. She had slapped and hit me too much already. I'm afraid I can't take it anymore so I hid in my closet. I peeked through the crack in my closet and saw my stepmom with a really pissed off look on her face. She was holding that stick that I'm always afraid of. I was thinking about how much it would hurt if she hits me with it again. I'm just thirteen and whoever said 13 was an unlucky number, they were right. My mom had died when I was just turning ten. Before she died she told me that I was the most beautiful girl in the world and how proud she was to be my mother. She said even though she'll be gone, her love is with me always. Tears rolled down my cheeks. 'If you love me mommy, how can you be so selfish to leave me?' So now when I had turn 13 my dad had married Mok Young A, who is my stepmom today? She was a cold-hearted woman who tortured me all day. Any self-esteem I had for myself was shattered and I was living a nightmare. My closet door suddenly opened. "There you are you wicked girl!" My stepmom started cussing at me as she pulled me out and threw me onto the floor. I began to tremble because I knew what was going to happen next. *Whack whack whack. * I cried out in pain but I knew that no one is going to hear my cries. I desperately began to gasp for air. My heart was aching again. I couldn't breathe. "Not again! Don't you see how much you're costing your father and me with your heart problems? If it wasn't for all these medical bills we wouldn't be so poor now!" I had this heart condition where air would suddenly shut off and I couldn't breathe. The doctors are trying to save me by giving me a respirator and pills, but they're not sure how much longer I'll be able to live. My dad (who was a pathetic excuse for a man) came in. He looked down at me with sorrowful eyes. He held my stepmom's arm lightly and said, "I think she had enough.

The Synthesis of Knowledge :: Mind Mental Knowing Knowledge Essays

The Synthesis of Knowledge "Society values mental labor more highly than manual labor." This is a claim that Ruth Hubbard makes in her essay "Science, Facts, and Feminism." This claim suggests that those who are the thinkers, the innovators, the inventors, and the great minds are highly valued by society; however, those who are the doers, the laborers, the hand-crafters, and the workers are not valued as greatly. Hubbard implies that society regards mental labor as more important than manual labor because it requires more specifically human qualities. Knowledge making is one of these specifically human qualities. Mental laborers and manual laborers are distinguished by this knowledge making process. For Hubbard’s claim to have meaning, there are assumptions that must underpin the claim. First, society must value labor. Labor must be something usable in society. A distinction between manual labor and mental labor must exist. A line must be drawn as to what makes mental labor mental and manual labor manual. There exists a specifically human quality, like knowledge making, which classifies the mental and manual laborers. Labor must exist in society to place value upon it. One also must assume that the more knowledge making ability one has, the more successful one can potentially be. These assumptions must be accounted for, for the claim to have any validity. This claim, to me, explains what can be said about the value of knowledge making and experience. Knowledge making is valued greatly by society and society values those who posses this knowledge making ability. Knowledge comes from personal experience and these experiences make that person more intelligent. One makes a decision, and then one learns from the consequences of that decision resulting in more apprehension. An example of building knowledge making is when a small child touches a hot pan on the stove and gets burnt. This child’s knowledge making has increased and the child knows to never touch a pan on the stove without proper protection. Book knowledge is another important element. This type of knowledge can be defined from what results in a college degree, a doctorate, or just a secondary degree of education. One must have base comprehension of empirical insight. Mental laborers have this intuitive synthesis of knowledge where manual laborers do not posses as much. An example of this book knowledge is taking a course in trigonometry and how it affects future comprehension. With trigonometry learned, mathematical calculus can be more easily learned.

City or Country

Japanese boy, Chinese boy, Filipino boy, Egyptian boy, Arabian boy, I’ve been hearing those comments all my life, and I believe that our true nationality is mankind and color doesn’t make the difference between people. Toastmaster, members, and guests welcome and good evening, tonight I’m going to introduce myself by talking about my crazy way of thinking. My name is hareth alsaadi, my father is Syrian and my mother is Filipino, and I carry a Filipino passport and for me it’s just papers made by men and it doesn’t identifies me, also work, money, materials, position, certificate, appearance, color, family, achievements doesn’t identifies me, from my perspective what identifies me and most of people is their mind and heart. I remember one month ago I watched a movie called ( the great Gatsby ) ( who knows the movie ) which I’ve learned from it a great lesson, the story is a man who’s name is Gatsby was a very rich and famous man with a very good looking, he had a very big and beautiful mansion with lots of servants, during his life thousands of people used to attend his parties that were held in his mansion, but unfortunately when he died none of them attended his funeral even his servants, only one attended his funeral, his friend who loved him for his heart and mind not for his materials. And that’s what I’ve noticed throughout my life, lots of people judge other people by their color or materials, and from my own experience people used to judge me by my color, in some countries people used to call me Arabian terrorist or Muslim terrorist what’s my fault if some Muslims who didn’t understand Islam did terrorist things, and in other countries people called me Mongolian boy which I didn’t know what it meant. I actually wouldn’t speak a word if im just facing verbal abusement, but Im also facing something called economic inequality which means having less chance to earn money, good job, good university,†¦ etc, and I have an experience on this issue, once I applied for a job opportunity in a bank, I gave them all the requirements including my high gpa certificate, so they gave me an English and math exam and my results in it is 98%, and I also did more than perfect in the interview, but somehow they didn’t accept me, I didn’t know the reason so I went to a friend of mine who works in the same bank, I told him of what happened so he called the HR to know why they didn’t accept me, so they told him the reason is very simple that the bank doesn’t accept Filipinos, but I wasn’t shocked because I got used on that kind of racism. Once albert einestein said nationalism is a childish thing it’s the disease of mankind also Socrates says Iâ€℠¢m not an Athenian or a greek, im a citizen of the world and I agree with both of them. It’s very terrible when we think about the results of nationalism, countries fight each other instead of fighting disease, poverty, natural disasters. At the end of my complicated speech all what I want to say firstly: I’m against identifying people by their materials, positions, certificates, color, etc, secondly: I’m against racism, thirdly I don’t like nationalism because I’m with the saying our true nationality is mankind. However I’ve learned a lesson of not making those things I face an excuse for me not to succeed or not to live happy, I want to end my speech with a quote which says obstacles are put in your way to see if what you want is worth fighting for.

Culture, Ethnocentrism and Schindler’s List Essay

Culture is made up of values, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics customary to the individuals who are a part of a certain group or society. It is how we define and mold ourselves to our society’s shared principles, enabling us to contribute to our society. But until we experience another culture different from our own, we are not even aware of what characteristics make up ours. In most cases, we do not acknowledge our culture until another individual breaches one or our traditions, or we disregard someone else’s. If a person takes into consideration another culture’s standards and behaviors and understands that there is no right or wrong between the two cultures, then that person has reached cultural relativism. However, this is difficult to do as it is common for all people everywhere to place their own culture patterns at the center of things, no matter which culture he or she is a part of. When people do this, cultural conflicts are initiated, as seen in the movie Schindler’s List, which portrays a nearly textbook example of extreme ethnocentrism. One of the features of any culture, ethnocentrism is the practice of judging another culture based on the standards of one’s own culture (Macionis & Plummer, 2010). When a person evaluates another culture, that culture’s traditions, customs, language, and other racial practices are compared to his or her own, and finds those people to be inferior or lower to themselves. This can lead to vanity, false pride, and a superiority complex, in regard to one’s own ethnicity, resulting in condescending and sometimes violent behavior towards the other culture. If the people of one culture refuse or cannot understand or adjust to the other people’s culture, disastrous consequences arise, that include war and genocide. This is the basis of the Nazi and Jewish cultures seen in Schindler’s List. A movie by Steven Spielberg, Schindler’s List is the true story of Oskar Schindler, a member of the Nazi party, a womanizer, a war profiteer, and the savior of more than 1,100 Jews during the Holocaust of WWII (Spielberg, 1993). The movie opens in Krakow, Germany during WWII, with the initial persecution of the Jewish people living there. Any businesses and jobs the Jewish people had were taken away by the German military, and they now are being forced into the Ghetto to be crammed together without their possessions and very little clothing and food. As the movie progresses, the Jewish people face ever-increasing cruelty at the hands of German soldiers. In the middle of all of this is Oskar Schindler who is looking for a way to make a tremendous profit from the war. He starts a factory making pots and pans, using the Jewish people living in the Ghetto as laborers. The story is about Schindler’s cultural attitude (very German Nazi) that changes as he sees the horrible and unwarranted torture and murder of the Jews that work for him. After questioning his Nazi values, he realizes how very wrong the Nazi opinions are of the Jewish culture, and ends up using his own money buying 1,100 Jews from a Nazi commander, in order to save them from the Auschwitz death camp. His â€Å"list† contains the names of his workers, whom he buys to start another factory in the Chez Republic. After watching the movie, there was very little that this writer did not find culturally shocking. The attitudes of the Germans towards the Jewish people were one’s of disgust, hatred, and complete indifference to any pain, suffering, or fear the Jewish people were experiencing. The movie was filmed entirely in black and white (except for the little girl’s red coat), leaving the viewer to concentrate and absorb the Nazi’s attitudes of cultural superiority over anyone not like them, without the distractions of the colors surrounding these two conflicting cultures. The red coat is extremely important as it symbolizes Schindler’s awakening; first, as the little girl runs through the Ghetto looking for a place to hide as her people are massacred by German soldiers (witnessed by Oskar); and second, when Schindler witnesses the burning of 10,000 dead Jewish bodies heaped on giant burning piles, he sees the dead body of the little girl still wearing the red coat. One cultural difference between the American culture and the Nazi culture is the forcing of an entire race into one central location, stripping away rights, property, and employment. American culture would not do this, but the Nazi culture considered it their duty to round up and exterminate the â€Å"vermin† living in their country. The Jewish people did not rebel or protest against their treatment from the German soldiers, even when one Jewish man was dragged out of a line by a soldier and shot in the head in front of family and friends, for no reason or cause. In another scene of random shooting, a German commander used the working Jews inside his camp as target practice. Although the people were working hard and were nearly starved, this Nazi viewed them as nothing more than rats and killed them. A person doing this in America would be arrested, put in jail, and most likely be given a death sentence after his trial. Another cultural difference (and one difficult to watch) was the burning of dead bodies in huge piles out in a field. Because the Nazi culture did not consider Jewish people to be human, it was perfectly acceptable to burn the â€Å"garbage†, as it was the quickest and easiest method of eliminating waste. There is no comparison for this to American culture, and the only other justified instance of these vast quantities of burning bodies happening in history was during the plagues that hit Europe. It was a major culture shock to this writer to see half burned bodies being pulled out of ash piles, then carted to another burning pile, all done by the Jewish people imprisoned in the camp. Ethnocentrism promotes inequality because the culture who believes it is superior can be the larger or dominant culture compared to other cultures, giving it the power to create laws that discriminate against anyone that is different. Having supreme power, this culture can change the social and financial status of individuals or ethnic groups, without any concerns or remorse for stripping the very humanity from another culture. The dominant culture increases inequality by segregating any person (or group) judged to be inferior to its own, or force the inferior cultures to give up their values, beliefs, and practices and adopt the dominant culture’s beliefs. In extreme ethnocentrism, genocide occurs because the dominant culture believes that other inferior cultures need to be wiped from the face of the Earth, thus ridding the planet of filth and ignorance. Business is not conducted the same way between cultures, so conflicts can happen when the two different cultures are locked to ethnocentrism. One factor is the communication process in which each culture assumes that business will be conducted in its own native language, say English and Japanese. Correct translation is crucial to success if neither culture is willing to do business in a different language other than its own. Certain accents may also reinforce ethnocentrism, creating a negative stereo-type and possibly reinforcing prejudices (Cross-cultural, 2011). A culture’s social organization can also have ethnocentrism conflicts. For example, one culture believes in gender equality while another believes women are inferior to men, and so they have different or no rights compared to the men of that culture. Another conflict between two businesses from different cultures is the use of child labor. Western cultures find these practices horrible and exploitive, but those cultures that allow children to work do not put the value of educating their children above the family’s survival. A working child can bring the family the much needed finances to provide survival necessities, such as food, clothing, and shelter for the entire family. As we have seen, culture is very complex and can influence every aspect of our lives. Ethnocentrism is a universal human reaction that is seen in all known societies or groups, and in nearly every individual. Ethnocentrism may seem to encourage solidarity of a group and strengthen loyalty, but it also hinders any understanding of a different group or culture. Because one culture believes their way is the best way, there is no incentive to interact with another culture decided inferior. Positively, this sort of conflict often leads to social change, but negatively, it discourages changes and promotes discrimination, wars, or the genocide of another culture.

African American civil Essay

Analyze the changes that occurred during the 1960s in the goals, strategies, and support of the movement for African American civil rights. Before the 1960’s, African American civil rights were severely encroached upon. All aspects of American life, from hospitals to schools to water fountains, were segregated,. Literacy tests, poll taxes, the grandfather clause, and pure intimidation kept African Americans out of the polls. The 1960s, the peak years of the civil rights movement, showed changes in the goals of the civil rights movement, evolving from desegregation to voting rights to equal economic opportunity; the accompanying strategiesshifted accordingly with the goals, litigation being more popular during the first goal; and the civil rights movement gained support from whites, including some prominent leaders, but lost some black support, as it progressed. The goals of the African American civil rights movement changed as a catalysts provoked change, or the goals were achieved: the first goal, desegregation, lasted from 1947-1963; the goal of voting rights extended from 1963-1965, and the last goal – equal economic opportunity and improving urban conditions, officially lasted from 1965-1968. In the early 1960s, the civil rights movement focused on targeting the rampant segregation. The movement continued to win desegregation victories through the other strategies, finally culminating in Johnson’s 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed segregation in public accommodations and was specific to prevent the loopholes that other desegregation laws had contained. However, in September 1963, the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed, killing four black girls. The shock and disgust that the African American community felt at the bombing caused the civil rights movement to schism. The two options were to shift the movemen t or become violent. As a result, the movement changed to focus on achieving voting rights, so that blacks could elect political.

The Detailed Examination of the Arabs in Israel

While the nation is aware of the indignities that were forced upon the African Americans who resided in this country at the beginning of the 18th century, few people realize that similar discrimination practices are going on all over the world. One of the most prevelant examples of discrimination currently is happening in Israel against the Arabs. Arabs are being discriminated in ways that impact their ability to live a life of freedom and comfort. The plight of Arabs in Israel is very similar to what the African Americans experienced in America during the first years of the 20th century. â€Å"Few questions challenge us to consider 380 years of history all at once, to tunnel inside our souls to discover what we truly believe about race and equality and the value of human suffering. Kevin Merida (1) (on African American reparations).† During the early part of the 20th century African Americans suffered a great deal of discrimination in America. They were refused even the most basic freedoms that the constitution of the United States is supposed to provide. The right to vote, the rifht to live freely, the right against unreasonable search and seizure are all elements of life that many people in this nation take for granted. However, for African Americans of that time those were dreams that were not often realized. Today, African Americans have many recourses if their rights are not being followed, including civil or criminal proceedings as well as government intervention. It is not completely rectified but it is being worked toward. The Arabs in Israel do not have such protection currently. They are at the point in history that African Americans were during the early part of the 20th century. Housing, employment and basic living right elements are being denied to them based on the fact that they are Arabs. Arabs in Israel have been complaining about their treatment for quite awhile but many of their concerns fall on deaf ears(Winder, 2006). The Israeli government and many of the nation's citizens insist that the discrimination allegations are false and misleading. For one to fully realize and accept that the Arabs are indeed being discriminated against one only has to hold various tangible situations that they encounter against the situations that were encountered by African Americans during the first part of the 20th century. The United Nations believes that the Arabs are indeed being discriminated against and said as much in a recently published report that was released last year. It says: â€Å"The government did little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens(Cook, 2004).† The humiliating treatment of the Arabs is one issue that the United Nations believes proves the discrimination that the Israel government currently denies exists. â€Å"Among many issues, it notes the humiliating treatment of Palestinian citizens, including community leaders, during security checks at airports and checkpoints(Cook, 2004). † During the 20th century in America, African Americans were forced to live in substandard housing and work in substandard employment environments. The quantity of available buildings for Arabs to reside in are not enough in numbers for the need. While most people in America will agree that the Arabs should not be confined to certain buildings the fact is they are often confined by societal attitudes and the available buildings are too few in number and have been for a significant amount of time. The quality of the buildings that are available are also in question. The repairs do not occur in the manner and speed that they do in other areas of the nation. The buildings that are made available to the Arabs are often in such disrepair that they are uninhabitable. African Americans when through similar problems in the early years of the 20th century. They were relegated to â€Å"Colored' area when it came to buildings that they could rent and own. The buildings were in disrepair and when they asked the landlord to repair them they were ignored or forced to pay for repairs that were legally the responsibility of the landlord. The term slum lord was originated because of the treatment of landlords regarding minority tenants and the fact that those landlords allowed their buildings to become uninhabitable yet they would allow minority tenants to live there and collect their rent each month. Another area of life that is similar for the Arabs in Israel today, that the African Americans faced in America and often times still do face is the area of education. During the early years of the 20th century students who were black were forced to attend specific schools. They were given substandard supplies and resources and they were given old used textbooks and equipment that most often did not work. Arabs today are facing the same dilemma when it comes to the education of their students(Cook, 2004). This greatly reduces the ability to teach advanced course and help Arab students better the future for themselves and their children. â€Å"Israel has also sought to undermine the value of Arabic, even though it is an official language of the state. Few Jews learn even basic Arabic, whereas Arab children are required to learn Hebrew to advanced level(Cook, 2004).† While the African Americans did not have this problem in the 20th century they were forbidden at times from singing the songs that had been popular in their homeland. Whether it was a hymn or a song of life they were whipped or punished for singing them out loud. â€Å"University courses are in Hebrew or English, as are public meetings and court cases. Many Arab workers report being sacked for speaking Arabic at the workplace(Cook, 2004).† This is blatant discrimination. It is similar to the African American ban on homeland songs and stories as well as the making it illegal to teach African Americans to read and right because the Americans wanted them to remain illiterate. Without saying so the Israel government seems to have the same goal in mind by its refusal to provide current and equal schools, supplies and textbooks for the Arab students living within its boundaries(First, Israel inside the Green Line (the de facto border after the 1967 war) http://www.mideastweb.org/israel_apartheid.htm). â€Å"Much international attention has focused on the recent decision by the Knesset to ban family unification in the case of marriages between Israeli Arabs and Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza. In many cases, it is now impossible for couples to live together: under the new law, Palestinians are denied entry into Israel, while Israeli Arabs are banned by military orders from entering Palestinian areas(Cook, 2004).† In addition to the obvious discriminations that are being experienced by Arabs in Israel there are many instances in which they are being discriminated against that are not so obvious to the eye unless one looks very closely. One such area is the area of employment. Arabs are being discriminated against on a regular basis when it comes to employment. Research concluded that Arabs have an unemployment rate that is twice as high as the Jewish unemployment rate for the same regions. â€Å"The country's big monopoly corporations such as the telecoms firm Bezeq and the Israel Electricity Company have Arab employees in the single figures even though they have a combined staff of more than 20,000. Some of the worst discrimination is faced by the 140,000 beduin living in the Negev. Many of their communities have never been recognised by Israel, even though they predate the state(Cook, 2004). † The end result of this type of discrimination is that approximately 70,000 Arabs are forced to live in tin shacks and tents. They have no power, water or sewage service. Their children are traveling 40-60 miles each way to go to school and get back home. Removal of child benefits for Arabs have been top of the political agenda ever since. â€Å"Some discriminatory practices against Israeli Arabs – Systematic bias in education provision (HRW report) – Israel's worst 36 unemployment blackspots are all in Arab areas† The plight of the Arabs in Israel is extremely similar today to what the African Americans faced in the United States during the early part of the 20th century. Employment discrimination, housing issues and lack of education for their children were accepted practices at that time. Today, the same problems and practices are being thrust upon the Arabs who reside in Israel. For this to change the government and the world will need to step in and force change.

Organizational Behavior & Human Resource Management Coursework

Organizational Behavior & Human Resource Management - Coursework Example This would eventually boost the basis of the workplace sanity that the employees look forward to receiving in the coming times, and the manner under which proper procedures and codes are followed. What is important here is the fact that the team domains should be highlighted as they work towards bonding the employees more than anything else. The team effectiveness is manifested by a sense of doing things right for the sake of the organization and properly aligning them to achieve results that are deemed as attainable right from the very beginning. Therefore team effectiveness is directly dependent on how the team environment has come about within the workplace and how this will mean long term results for it. (ii) The organizational and team environments depend on the role of the top management as to how the same will manifest their incorporation. What is important is the fact that the team environment does bring about team effectiveness in the long range scheme of things. This is som ething that is seen as an important undertaking of the organizational and team environment domains because the employees’ undertakings are taken into account. ... The element of righteousness within the organizational and team environment would mean that the team effectiveness exists for all the correct reasons. This is much needed as it will help develop the organization as a whole and let it grow even further in the times to come. 2) Explain what can organizations do to increase the effectiveness of the financial rewards? (i) The organizations can increase the effectiveness of the financial rewards by telling the employees what it expects of them in the long run, and how they shall go about doing things the organizational way to achieve maximum success, both personally as well as professionally. This will ensure that the financial rewards are the drivers behind the organizational hard work and commitment shown by the employees. They will give in their best to achieve maximum mileage and value for the sake of the organizations that they work for and thus manifest their long term commitment with them in the sheer sense of the word. The effecti veness of the financial rewards can also be increased if there are proper procedures and codes behind these incentives in place. This shall tell the employees that they are being looked after well and that their work realms are being monitored in an adequate way. What this will eventually do is to build up trust and confidence in the employees that if they go out of their way and manifest hard work and devotion towards the work processes, tasks and actions, they will be given their due in terms of the financial rewards that have been decided by the organizations. (ii) The role of the organizations in increasing the effectiveness of the financial rewards is such that it wants to

Impact of social media on the growth of the fashion industry in Dissertation

Impact of social media on the growth of the fashion industry in Nigeria - Dissertation Example This group of consumers prefers to use Facebook only (55%), and only 27% have Twitter account, while 18% of respondents use both social media tools. The results demonstrated that the local fashion brands have not as strong and effective marketing strategies in terms of social media usage. Also, the research has shown that 41% of respondents do always review social media pages of fashion brands for discounts, while 23% of respondents prefer to read reviews before shopping for clothes online or even before going to the fashion store. However, according to the study carried out by the researcher where he has been analyzing the level of activity of Nigerian and UK-based Nigerian fashion brands at social networking platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, it has been found out that the majority of 45 Nigerian fashion brands did not use full potential of the social media opportunities. The research has also shown that some of the Nigerian fashion brands in addition to Facebook and Twitter d o use other social media platforms to interact with their customers, followers, fans and subscribers. These sources included fashion brands blogs, Tumblr, Youtube, Pininterest, Instagram, Ijaw girl, and even LinkdIn. Based on the result of the findings, it was recommended that the Nigerian fashion brands and retailers ought to adopt experience of international fashion brands and focus their digital marketing strategy on the following key social media areas: personalized shopping experience, user-generated content, strategic use of discounts, focus on niche communities, and interaction through mobile applications. Key words: Social media, fashion industry, consumer behaviour, Nigeria Introduction â€Å"Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we have to alter it every six months† – this ironic and brave definition of fashion belongs to famous Oscar Wild. If seriously, Feldenkreis et al (2005) describe the basics of the fashion business as a set of activities, i ncluding: design and creation of a line; sampling process with drawing the design, picking materials, designing graphics, embroidery and other components if needed; preparation of the blueprint of the garment from size to all measurements; and demonstration of it to the fashion industry. Usually, this process takes one year after which new fashion models would be available for retail (Feldenkreis et al. 2005). However, with the increasing use of social media globally this process goes through the various changes and provides both fashion producers/distributors and fashion consumers with new opportunities. Various social networks, blogging, video blogging, podcasting - all are the social media tools used to empower and enable conversations digitally (Brogan, 2010). More detailed description of what the social media was described by Poynter (2010, p. 182), who listed such examples of it: blogging, micro-blogging (e.g. Twitter), social networking (e.g. Facebook, Mixi, Cyworld), Wikis ( e.g. Wickipedia, the collaborative encyclopedia), social bookmarking (e.g. Delicious and Digg), photosharing (e.g. Flickr), voice networking (e.g. Skype), video sharing (e.g. YouTube), music

Sport and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sport and the Media - Essay Example Furthermore, because of the evolution of the mass media, there is an emergence of sports stars (Raney, 2006). Examples include Tiger Woods, Christiano Ronaldo, David Beckham, etc. These people normally occupy the front pages of newspaper organizations, and other forms of mass media. They are popular because of the media, and as a result, they are able to earn a lot of money from sponsorship deals and agreements. Without such kind of reporting, these sports personalities cannot get the popularity that they have. Furthermore, sports organizations normally get a lot of money, by charging media rights. These are fees that the media pay to sports organizations, for airing their matches. Billings (2011) explains that this money is usually huge, when compared to the gate collections that these sports organizations are able to collect. Based on this fact, sports heavily rely on the media, as sources of revenues, and for advertisements. Without the media, it is impossible for sports to become a multi-billion dollar industry. In as much as sports rely heavily on the media, the media also relies on sports. This is because they are able to attract male viewers, who love sports. Furthermore, newspaper organizations have sports sections, and this helps them to increase circulation, hence revenues (Raney, 2006). Despite the importance of the media, in the industry, there are numerous issues that have arisen. Some of these issues include the quality of reporting by journalists, and their professionalism. Furthermore, controversy exists, on whether journalists are serious about their reporting, or they are motivated by the fun, of being sportsmen. In conclusion therefore, the media plays an influential role in sports management, and it is a source of revenue for sports team. On the other hand, the media also benefits from sports, and this is because it relies on it, for increased sales, and circulation. It is therefore prudent to

Discussion 1 - Management''s Responsibility Coursework

Discussion 1 - Management''s Responsibility - Coursework Example There are many reasons that are associated with their failure and the management had an important part in its failure as it could be circumvented. Firstly, the business environment was risky because the timing of its new venture corresponded with the recession of 2007 when consumer spending had reduced drastically. Secondly, Tesco’s management decision to pull out of the market rather than giving time for consumers to recover from the recession. For Tesco, the external, macro-environment proved to be challenging when the firm decided to launch a new venture in the US. So, its decision making was crucially important for the firm to choose its course in the challenging environment. Many also blame the research and its analysis. Tesco’s interpretation of the collected data ignored the cultural context and the options consumers had if there were one-stop stores. However, the recession had greatly reduced their spending capacity of consumers and even though they had the time to shop at multiple stores, they had little money. (2) Caty has pointed out some important information regarding the credit industry. I agree with Caty that the management did not have much involvement in the decision for closing the branch. In this case, the orders came from the head office. Usually, the most profitable branches provide little reason for the corporate management to shut it down however this is not the only criteria for closing down a branch. In BankFirst’s case, the branch location was generating enough revenues to sustain it in the long run however the decision to close it down came from the head office located in another state. Perhaps the bank was trying to cut down its branches in that particular state as part of its strategy to focus on reducing market penetration to allow for another growth strategy. The credit card industry serves an important purpose as credit providers. Technology is one external factor over which the management has little control over although

Discussion 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion 5 - Essay Example Alternatively, a distribution channel could involve a manufacturer, a regulator, a controller before supplies reach the agency for distribution to dispensers. The intermediaries could exist in as single or multiple players between a manufacturer and the agency. Similarly, the agency could choose to include influencers in either of the channels that the different combinations define (Rees, 2011). I would prioritize the distribution channel based on ultimate cost to consumers and quality that consumers can derive from products. Using regulators such as the Food and Drug Administration would ensure quality while eliminating other intermediaries would minimize cost and prices. I would therefore prioritize the distribution channel that involve a manufacturer, a regulator, the agency, and dispensers that deliver commodities to the final consumers. Some channels are more important than others are and channels with regulators are because of guaranteed product quality (Rees, 2011). I would prioritize choices by balancing interest of both citizens and the agency through ensuring quality for the community’s welfare and minimizing intermediary costs for manageable profit margins (Rees, 2011). Many distribution channels exist for my preferred agency but I would prefer the channel with a manufacturer, a regulator, the agency, and dispensers. This would balance the agency’s economic interest and the community’s

Concept of supply and demand; of antitrust laws and of labor unions Essay

Concept of supply and demand; of antitrust laws and of labor unions - Essay Example This research will begin with the presentation of the concept of supply and demand. It has become one of the most important concepts in modern day economics. Indeed this concept can be summed up as the one in which, the producer of a commodity has a certain quantity for sale in the market and that quantity which consumers are ready to buy. As a result of this, the demand for a particular commodity depends on a number of factors like the commodity price, related commodity prices and also consumers buying power and choices. The supply of a particular commodity depends on a number of factors like the cost incurred in the production of that particular commodity, the price of related kinds of products and many other factors. The concept of supply and demand is always existent and the market’s main aim is to bring a form of stability and equilibrium between the demand as well as supply through the pricing of commodities. Antitrust Laws are special type of laws that have been created by the American government in order to prevent the formation of monopolies, which could otherwise result in unhealthy market competition. Thus these are a set of Federal laws which can be applied in case of both businesses as well as individuals. The first Antitrust law in America was created in the year 1890. Thus this law ensures that, all the individuals and the various business establishments are given a fair deal, hen it comes to market competition and that no single company or individual gains an upper hand in business dealings unlawfully.

Making reference to appropriate theories and using examples from Essay

Making reference to appropriate theories and using examples from organisation(s) of your choice, evaluate on the role of the HR - Essay Example The HR function is therefore mandatory to have because this shall makes the lives of the employees easier and they would know who to contact in case of a problem or query that arises within their realms. This paper shall discuss the basis of the HR function and how this helps shape up the line managers within an organization in this day and age. Moving ahead with the discussion, the organization’s HR department has a huge role to play whilst dictating the organizational culture to the employees, both old and new. It makes new laws and amends the old ones in order to have uniformity within the norms and procedures that are applicable at the workplace domains (Taylor, 1999). It is important to ascertain the exact gravity of these procedures in order to have a complete mesh between the already accepted norms and behaviors coming directly under the aegis of the HR department, as well as the ones which are being chalked up by the HR department for the sake of the entire organizatio n (Boddy, 2005). It is quintessential that the organization’s HR department clearly understands its role because then only would it be able to decipher the purpose of having a sound organizational culture. ... Furthermore, it is important that the HR department inculcates feelings of oneness and understanding within the contexts of the organization itself. What is needed now is a good measure on the part of the employees to have a proper feel of the cultural manifestations and representations at the workplace. Without this, there could be serious issues arising every now and then (Lee, 2004). An adequately sound organizational culture will bring out sound results on the part of the organization as the employees would very easily relate with the actions and behaviors that are asked of them by the organization courtesy the HR department. Also the HR department could issue circulars and conduct training sessions and seminars in order to properly detail the employees as to how they would go about doing their respective work regimes, keeping in line with the prevalent organizational culture, the values that are taught and the different representations which are usually practiced from time to ti me (Egan, 2001). The HR department within Wal-Mart makes sure that its employees develop an organizational culture where feelings and sentiments could be shared about in a mutual manner. This is the reason why Wal-Mart is renowned for its sophisticated organizational culture developed from the HR domains, all over the world. There is a very significant need to be on board as far as the understanding of the organizational values and principles is concerned. The organizational culture takes all these elements in due consideration and thus provides for a more advanced understanding of all such facets. It is the duty of the HR department to be

Hamlet and death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Hamlet and death - Essay Example Disputes among political power houses and rival gangs are also highlighted by the speaker. This is a community just like any other and there were interest from rival groups as to who were superior so as to gain control of the community. Cultural Revolution and resumption of Chinese and Japanese relation is heavily highlighted in the red sorghum novel. This was an attempt by their leaders to get the two groups together and leave harmoniously. The speaker uses a style written in first person characterized by briefness without any chronological order of events. The story was aimed at bringing people together after long fought battles which many people lost their lives and it came up with strategy of getting food, water, life among other basic things harmoniously (Moet all 90). Is a paly of Italian culture which is based on real life occurrence between an Italian rail road worker and anarchist Giuseppe pinelli who died after he was thrown at a police station in Milan police station after he had been accused of bombing a bank but he was later cleared of any wrong doing Unlike the red sorghum novel which is based on true story, this is fictional work created by the author. It starts with a police inspector interrogating a suspect in the first floor who was smarter and the officer could not find anything from him. A judge was brought and meeting scheduled in the fourth floor of the same building, with a journalist probing the incident in attendance. The play ends where the journalist leaves the room and maniac later escapes (Fo et al 2002 356). The two instances were among the leading drama in the world. Though the later were fictional occurrences, it was well done by the author and the play was later performed in various countries across the world. The former is work based on true story and it also attracts success wherever the novel was

Stem Cell Research and the Human Genome Project Essay Example for Free

Stem Cell Research and the Human Genome Project Essay Applications of Biotechnology: Stem Cell Research and the Human Genome Project Stem Cells Stem cells are unspecialized cells found in large quantities in bodies of fetuses and in some parts of the adult body. These unspecialized cells are capable of forming other organs, which make it one of the controversial issues in medical ethics. The benefits of stem cell transplant are very huge, but the ethical moral dilemma always enters as many groups question the ethicality of the procedure that stem cell transplant requires. Stem cells are relevant in the development of an organism. It forms other specific cells, and is also capable of repairing or replacing other damaged cells in the body. The cells are cultivated from the human embryo, which formed 4-5 days after the egg cell undergoes fertilization by the aid of the sperm cell. It can also be obtained from a fetus between its 5th and 9th week, which will actually be aborted (Experiment Resources, 2008). Stem cell transplant has a potential application for cell-based therapies. Today, illnesses that require organ transplantation become problematic, since the number of patients in need for organ transplant outweighs the number of available organs. Scientists must first be able to manipulate the stem cells for them to possess the necessary characteristics for differentiation, transplantation and engraftment (National Institute of Health, 2009). The stem cells are incorporated to the tissue of the damaged organ or the organ that has to be replaced. The stem cells proliferate extensively and generate enough cells to form the tissue. The stem cells differentiate into the desired cell type and must survive into the body of the patient. The tissues then integrate to the surrounding tissue after transplant and later on function appropriately as part of the formerly damaged tissues (National Institute of Health, 2009). The members of the society reacted differently as stem cell research progresses to its development. The ethical considerations are still on a long debate. The intensity of debates is due to life itself. For countries allowing abortion, the application of stem cell research would be a lot of help. But for those countries which are conservative, especially those that have active religious movements, stem cell research would always be in question. The instance that the success of this research would be misused is also an on-going debate. The Human Genome Project Human genomic mapping was first introduced in the year 1980, with the first map produced in 1987 (cited in Toga Mazziota, 2002, p. 15). It excited the interest among scientists, which later led to the conceptualization of the human Genome Project. This $3 billion project contributed a lot to the understanding of human biology. Most especially, it determined the huge importance of developing the biological map (Toga and Mazziota, 2002, p. 15). Neuroscience is the field that benefits the most in human genomic mapping. The development of these maps is relevant into monitoring of the presence of diseases, such as the Huntington’s disease, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. Common diseases such as the Alzheimer’s disease have also been detected in maps. Maps are incorporated in a database that is accessible to molecular biologists. Scientists may also add maps of newly discovered diseases useful in future studies. This created a large network of scientists exchanging information and resources. The interaction among scientists is led by the Human Genome Organization, responsible particularly for the management of chromosome workshops. The continuation of the human genome project opened opportunities to technological fronts and progress to other fields of scientific endeavors. New types of genetic markers have been developed for assay for better experimental strategies and computational methods. Collectively, these methods help in assembling the results in to physical maps (Toga Mazziota, 2002, p. 15). Genomics has a considerable potential for the improvement of the health situation of the developing countries in the future. Illness can already be traced and cured by genetic interventions. Thus, improving the healthcare leads to relief in human suffering (Colson Cameron, 2004, 2004, pp. 63-64). References Colson, C. W. N. M. de S. Cameron. (2004). Human dignity in the biotech century: a Christian vision for public policy. Retrieved May 19, 2009, from http://books. google. com/books? id=ygIiRL7mQBkCpg=PA63dq=advantage+benefits+human+genomic+mapas_brr=3#PPA63,M1 Experiment Resources. (2008). Stem Cell Research Pros and Cons. Retrieved May 18, 2009, from Experiment Resources: http://www. experiment-resources. com/stem-cell-pros-and-cons. html National Institute of Health. (2009, April 28). Stem Cell Basics: What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles that must be overcome before these potential uses will be realized? Retrieved May 18, 2009, from http://stemcells. nih. gov/info/basics/basics6. asp Toga, A. W. J. C. Mazziota. (2002). Brain mapping: the methods. 2nd ed. Retrieved May 19, 2009, from http://books. google. com/books? id=mBBYKllGwZYCpg=RA1-PA15dq=benefits+advantage+of+having+human+genomic+mapas_brr=3#PRA1-PA14,M1

Service Oriented Architecture And What Advantages Information Technology Essay

Service Oriented Architecture And What Advantages Information Technology Essay The project aims to clearly define SOA, definition SOA, history overview, characteristics, SWOT analysis, and importance of SOA now-a-days, advantages and disadvantages of SOA as compared with other architecture. The project clearly defines the reader the clear overview of SOA which can help them to understand SOA and the comparison with other architecture. In these days SOA is well known and well discussed topic by IT vendors all over the world. IBM, HP, Microsoft, SAP and many other major IT companies use SOA and some of them amending SOA and represent into new tune. SOA is the group of new software bind together to allow IT vendors to produce something else which is latest and flexible. SOA has special and unique characteristics. For effective use of SOA the developers and designer need to understand the characteristics and SOA concepts. (Hurwitz, Judith, et al, 2007) History of SOA It was a big challenge in IT and business to find the service which can make integration between IT and business for achieving business objectives. As it seems that it is very easy but in reality it is very complex. In the past computer applications were developed for specific particular task without integration to other system. In the modern computing the applications are much more distributed. Now a single application shared into several components like emails, DNS services etc. it is more practical to use components based computing rather than using one application for one task. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010) In the past if the account holder needs the information about the account then the customer service representative has to go to one terminal and enter the account number. If the customer needs the saving account information then the representative has to enter the account number in the different terminal. The problem was that each account type has different interfaces. Now-a-days with the successful implementation of SOA and distributed systems banks are now interconnected which improved customer services and customer satisfaction. It also reduced the cost and time.(Rosen,Boris Smith, 2008) Before explaining SOA the software architecture needs to be explained. Software architecture is a new field in the software engineering. Software architecture highlighted the components of the system and how they interact with each other. The interaction between these components is called connectors. (Stevens, 2002) The definition of Software architecture is as followed The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them. (Bass, Clements, and Kazman 1997) Figure 2.1 Components and connectors of system software architecture What is SOA? On the basis of software engineering SOA is an IT architecture which is based on the delivery of reusability of well-defined business. The IT components are under pinned in such a way that the consumer (customer) and provider (business) are loosely coupled. SOA give the independence to enable components to be implemented in different platforms and computer languages. SOA give the great flexibility to re-assemble the existing IT components to build a new solution. There is no restriction in SOA that where there components resides and how things will create. The big misconception about SOA is that most people think that SOA is a technology. However, SOA is not a technology it is the approach to software design that assemble systems from a reusable components and services may originated from different resources and different technology environment. The services provided by SOA can be distributed across heterogeneous platforms which maximize the business and IT agility. (Introduction-to- Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) There are many definitions of SOA. The definition of SOA which can be more likely to understand is as followed: A service oriented architecture is a framework for integrating business processes and supporting IT as secure, standardized components service that can be reused and combined to address changing priorities (Bieberstein, Norbert, et al, 2010) SOA is flexible architecture design. SOA is not only simple architecture it builds architecture on the basis of existing architecture and build more advance software architecture. (Oasis, 2006) According to Jamil SOA is a design pattern which is composed of loosely coupled, discoverable, reusable, inter-operable platform agnostic services in which each of these services follow a well-defined standard. Each of these services can be bound or unbound at any time and as needed. (Jamil, 2010) In this definition it did not indicate any service that what service is being provided in this architecture. It did not describe about software. On the basis of SOA the hardware architecture can be designed effectively. Basically SOA architecture plays the role of bridge between embedded systems and enterprise software. Many companies are making integrated systems now-a-days and SOA is playing a very important role in the integrated systems for integration. SOA makes changes easier SOA makes changes easier in the business and IT environment. IT Systems are the collection of software, hardware and networks. These IT components (software, hardware and networks) are integrated with each other. For making change between them is very difficult. It is very easy to reuse and assemble the components with the help of SOA. For example if a business provides some services to customer like checking credits, checking shipping status and inventory. With the help of SOA we can assemble components in any way as required by the business. When a business needs to be changed then instead of doing work from the beginning we have to reuse and re-arrange the components and services to make something new. SOA help us to save the time and money. We can add new components or someone elses components to make the IT to build something new. SOA helps to grow the business. It gave the flexibility to make change in our business easily which helps business to innovate new. (Rosen Michael, Lu blinsky Boris Smith Kevin T., 2008). The base of SOA is based on loosely coupled services in which software components can easily communicate with each other. These components do not have to know their technical details. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010) SOA Model Registry Publish Find Service Provider Service Customer Service Consumer Service consumer executes the service by sending it a request formatted according to the contract. Service Provider Service provider publishes its contract in the registry for access by service consumers. Service Registry Service registry is a network-based directory that contains available services. It is an entity that accepts and stores contracts from service providers and provides those contracts to interested service consumers. Advantages and Disadvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture Advantages of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) This section shows the advantages of SOA in the following aspects. SOA benefits to distributed computing SOA short term benefits SOA long term benefits SOA benefits from the business prospective SOA benefits t to distributed computing Location independence SOA is loosely coupled architecture and location is important factor for loosely coupled architecture. Loosely coupled architecture like SOA provides many requests of the same service from the different location. SOA provides location independence. In SOA architecture services does not need a particular network or specific system.(Bieberstein, 2006) Completely loosely coupled SOA has loosely coupled approach and the quality of this service is that if you want to change the service in one location then it does not need to change linked services. Dynamic search and  connectivity to other services SOA short term benefits SOA has many short term benefits like Enhancing reliability Reducing hardware acquisition costs Leverages existing development skills Providing data bridge between business and IT (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) SOA long term benefits SOA provides the following long term benefits Ability to build composite  compatible applications Reducing management costs Real-time decision making applications (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) SOA benefits from the business prospective Change more quickly according to the customer Low cost of maintenance technology Leverages existing investments in technology Reduces expensive custom development cost (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) The main advantage of SOA is that it fits in business and IT gaps. In the recent world there are many forces contributing in business environement like competition, new products and other endless factors. In the past, IT groups were struggling for fill out this IT and business gap. SOA filled this gap by building an integration between IT and business. One thing which we have to keep in our minds while implementing SOA in the organizations that SOA is not a complete success it is based on how SOA is being designed?. For example, if anyone wants to replace the AVsystem they can replace it with better DVD player. So, they can buy DVD player and replace AV system quickly. Similarly if an organization wants to replace old CRM with new CRM they can easily buy one and integrate with existing system with the help of SOA. But the success of SOA is that how it is designed?. (Barry, 2003) SOA services are used by multiple clients. So, SOA has their own security systemsalso. Multiple level security increased the security of the system. SOA architecture integrate application with each other which solved the problem of software incompatibility and as a result it has low integration cost. SOA facilitate the organization to adapt change quikly. With the help of SOA organizations can adapt change according to market situation. (Barry, 2003) Disadvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture Although there are many advantages of SOA but there are some disadvantages also. SOA is based on loosely coupled architecture thats why SOA has no synchronization element. In SOA process there are some illogical steps followed which are not the part of the SOA model. SOA is not recommended for the following applications. SOA is not for the systems which are stand alone or non-distributed e.g. word processor does not has request and respond based calls. SOA is not suitable for applications which are short term and those applications which have no attention of reusability in the future. Applications which have lots of data of geographical manipulation data are also not suitable with SOA. (Disadvantages of SOA , 2010) Comparison with other architectures SOA vs. Components based architecture If we compare SOA and component based architecture then there is no clear line between them. The main difference between them is connection between and the possibilities offer single service for third party. Conclusion In the conclusion SOA is not the aver night architecture that happens suddenly or overnight. To implement SOA it needs patience consistency and right way of implementation. SOA has many advantages and disadvantages. SOA by itself does not have major problem but the way of implementation is the key point of success. SOA has many challenges but the challenges are more likely relevant to business rather than IT. It is also considered that SOA is not the solution for all the software development problems. SOA has too many problems like the required service according to circumstances, acceptable performance and security. Although there are many advantages and disadvantages of implementing SOA but the key success of implementing of SOA is the way of implementation SOA. How SOA is being implemented in the organization? References Bass, L., Clements, P., and Kazman, R. Software Architecture in Practice. Addison- Wesley, 1997. Bieberstein, Norbert, et al. Chapter 1 Introducing SOA.Executing SOA: A Practical Guide for the Service-Oriented Architect.  IBM Press,  Ã‚ © 2008.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010.http://common.books24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_27520/book.asp Barry, D. K. (2003). Web services and service-oriented architecture: the savvy managers guide. San Francisco,CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publisher. Bieberstein Norbert, Marc Fiammante, Keith Jones, Rawn Shah . (2006). Service-oriented architecture compass: business value, planning. US: Pearson Plc. Ejaz Jamil, What really is SOA. A comparison with Cloud Computing, Web 2.0, SaaS, WOA, Web Services, PaaS and others. Web.Nov.17,2010.http://soalib.com/doc/whitepaper/SoalibWhitePaper_SOAJargon.pdf Hurwitz, Judith, et al. Service Oriented Architecture for Dummies.  Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies.  John Wiley Sons,  Ã‚ © 2007.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010. Juneja, Girish, et al. Chapter 1 Introduction.  Service Oriented Architecture Demystified.  Intel Press,  Ã‚ © 2007.Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010. Marks, Eric A., and  Michael Bell. Chapter 1 Introduction to the SOA Business Model.  Service-Oriented Architecture: A Planning and Implementation Guide for Business and Technology.  John Wiley Sons,  Ã‚ © 2006.  Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010. Rosen Michael, Lublinsky Boris Smith Kevin T. (2008). Applied SOA : Service-Oriented Architecture and Design Strategies. John Wiley Sons. Stevens, Michael. Service-Oriented Architecture Introduction.web. Nov.16,2010.http://www.developer.com/services/article.php/1010451 Schmutz, Guido,  Daniel Liebhart, and  Peter Welkenbach. Chapter 1 Basic Principles.  Service Oriented Architecture: An Integration Blueprint: A Real-world SOA Strategy for the Integration of Heterogeneous Enterprise Systems.  Packt Publishing,  Ã‚ © 2010.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010.http://common.books24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_35815/book.asp Service-Oriented Architecture. (2010). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from What is Service-Oriented Architecture?: http://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/service-oriented-architecture.htm Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form